Consumer Buying Behavior of Hybrid Vehicles Essay

Presentation 1 Background of the Study With the air contamination level rising step by step brought about by the outflow from ordinary vehicles, numerous administration bodies have invested exertion to implement emanation control strategy since the late of 1960, and it is getting severe with the EURO board of trustees being the pioneer until today, where their discharge strategy and evaluating framework being acknowledged or referenced worldwide even in Malaysia. The reviewing framework based of emanation neatness starting today is from Euro 1 to Euro 6, where Euro 1 being the most exceedingly awful discharge standard and Euro 6 being the ecological agreeable. This is where most current vehicles are fitted with exhaust system since late 1975, a basic gadget that can lessen the destructive discharge, for example, un-copy hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide by changing over them into cleaner substances, for example, oxygen and hydrogen through concoction impetus impact inside (Tony and Andrew, 2006). The impact of this is the ascent of the familiarity with eco-friendliness, the same number of will additionally relate that in the event that eco-friendliness can be expanded, at that point the outflow can be additionally improved, just as to decrease wastage. Many car creators has from that point forward started improvement of eco-friendly motor so as to persevere, and thus lead to the pattern of Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV). 2 Problem Statement However, discharge is just a single ecological factor as there is other factor which troubles a driver monetary perspective, the fuel and its costs. Regardless of the fuel is costly and modest, on the off chance that one can travel further with a given set measure of fuel, at that point one can unquestionably spare him/her some cash (Tony and Andrew, 2006). Furthermore, back to the natural region, petroleum product is non-sustainable power source assets and exhaustion is surely inescapable. This is the reason lately, numerous western car producers began to investigate building eco-friendly vehicles, by building eco-friendly motors through different ways, most remarkably by cutting back the motor uprooting and repay it with power enlistment, for example, low weight turbocharger. The impact of this usage is that utilizing a littler limit motor however can accomplish the force conveyance of a high limit motor, yet with lower fuel utilization. Anyway back in the eastern car industry, where the Japanese being the pioneer they had something different at the top of the priority list, they needed eco-friendliness as well as simultaneously they wished to amplify the practice environmental awareness idea. From now on they think of the possibility of half breed vehicle, where when all is said in done terms a vehicle is controlled by 2 wellsprings of info, which is an ordinary inward burning motor, upheld by an extra electric engine which requires uncommon battery pack. The benefits of this usage is that the fuel utilization and discharge is better over the formal, while the downside is the upkeep and cost of substitution for flawed battery pack is pricey. With the half breed being the hot pattern currently given the promising marketing projections from European nations and the USA, for the most part the upkeep factor isn't an issue for them, anyway in this examination we have to discover the components that impact a purchaser into considering, purchasing a mixture vehicle here in Malaysia, as the crossover pattern is still extremely new here in Malaysia, by and large beginning the time of 2006 where Honda presents Civic Hybrid. Anyway with the ongoing expense exclusion on cross breed vehicles from the Malaysia government, the pattern is by all accounts changing emphatically and now we have a few models from Honda and Toyota to offer because of the approach. 3 Research Objectives a) What are the components that impact purchaser into thinking about a crossover vehicle? b) What are the components that help purchaser into purchasing a half and half vehicle? c) What are the variables that buyer stresses over when buying a half and half vehicle? 4 Significance of the Study This examination into the elements that influence the purchasing choice of half and half vehicles in Malaysia could extend the pattern and acknowledgment of mixture vehicles here in Malaysia. With that data, nearby car producers can consider into building up our own cross breed vehicles to offer the neighborhood advertises a more extensive decision, just as to remain serious in the market. Moreover, this will be a decent impetus to start off â€Å"Go Green† idea into consumers’ mind that is helpful to the reclamation and persistence of the earth. 5 Scope of the Study In this examination, we will initially investigate and presentation into both the low weight power enlistment innovation and the cross breed innovation further at that point thoroughly analyze the advantages and disadvantages in detail. With both idea comprehended, we will start to concentrate on the pattern of cross breed vehicles here in Malaysia, discovering the elements that help or discourage the acknowledgment of half breed vehicle through survey focused on crossover proprietors and likely mixture proprietors, from that point we can realize what are the principle factors and worry of purchaser after creation a choice for a crossover vehicle, and afterward finish up what should be possible to additionally build the acknowledgment level of mixture vehicles. Writing Review According to Markel and Simpson (2006), the usage of half and half electric vehicles can viably decrease oil utilization up to 30% when contrasted with ordinary vehicle, anyway a completely module cross breed electric vehicle will be experience advancement to additionally improve the investment funds and lessen the wastage, as flow crossover electric vehicles utilizes electric engine fueled by battery pack to help the motor, which is expensive when one needs to supplant, and it didn't give a lot of wanted force. The producer can obviously place in a greater battery pack to punch out better force and sturdiness, however with each 15% of progress the expense is almost multiplied. This issue is likewise referenced before path back in year 2001, where the improvement of crossover vehicles started with the point in furnishing an unrivaled eco-friendliness vehicles with insignificant wastage and toxins transmitted, in preceding location two significant issues (Allella et al, 2001): a) Consumption of fuel : World oil stores and deposits are improbable ready to continue against the consistently developing need of utilization b) Pollution : Generally alluded to the hurtful emanation that can harm the natural wellbeing. The most well-known half breed vehicle configuration is found inside the renowned Japanese car creators, individually the Honda and the Toyota. The thought is to fit an electric engine fueled by a battery pack that will revive itself utilizing the lost vitality during the slowing down strategy, to help a littler limit regular motor in speeding up. With the engine right hand, the motor need not work and fire up that difficult to get the vehicle going hence fuel utilization can be brought down. At the point when certain conditions are met, the vehicles may likewise run exclusively on the electric engine itself most presumably during low speed cruising. Setting the vehicle plan aside, as expressed by Kuo and Wang (2011), the disciplinary in driving, just as the atmosphere is central point in diminishing fuel utilization. Kuo and Wang called attention to that in nations that have tropical atmosphere, for example, those close to the equator, will in general have higher fuel utilization list contrasted with different nations with 4 seasons atmosphere, this is essentially because of the way that fuel consumes better and progressively proficient when the air temperature is colder, as colder air is increasingly thick and from now on conveys more oxygen particles. Other than that, since the temperature is commonly high during the time for tropical atmosphere nations, drivers will in general switch broadcasting in real time conditioner (A/C) more often than not to withstand the sweltering climate, and A/C draws power from the motor to control up the blower and cooling curl, along these lines it brings about loss of intensity from motor and prompts higher fuel utilization. On the disciplinary side, going beneath or route over the ideal speed of a vehicle, normally around 90KM/H to 110KM/H will influence the fuel utilization, where most drivers will in general speed whenever the odds emerge. One ought to likewise attempt to design their voyaging course ahead, so as to stay away from pointless traffic blockage which can bring about poor fuel utilization, as start-quit driving demonstrated to have 60% expanded fuel utilization contrasted with smooth relentless driving. This is commonly experienced by most drivers that they can accomplish better mileage in the event that they travel on the parkway frequently. Examination Methodology 1 Theoretical Framework [pic] 2 Generation of Hypothesis Assume that a) H0 = Null Hypothesis (No connection between IV and DV) b) H1 = Alternative Hypothesis (Significant connection between IV and DV) |H1 |H0 †There is no connection among upkeep and buy choice of half breed vehicles. | |H1 †There is critical connection among support and buy choice of cross breed vehicles. | |H2 |H0 †There is no connection between fuel utilization and buy choice of cross breed vehicles. | |H1 †There is huge connection between fuel utilization and buy choice of cross breed vehicles. | |H3 |H0 †There is no connection between charge exclusion and buy choice of half and half vehicles. | |H1 †There is noteworthy connection between charge exception and buy choice of mixture vehicles. | |H4 |H0 †There is no connection between close to home view and buy choice of cross breed vehicles. | |H1 †There is huge connection between close to home view and buy choice of half breed vehicles. | all in all, regardless of it is fractional crossover or completely module half and half, the fundamental goals are to draw out the maintainability of oil through improved fuel utilization. By making strides toward environmental friendliness, the half and half innovation can likewise help in decreasing wastage and assurance cleaner discharge that can add to better natural wellbeing and quality. Hence with all the advantages and investment funds, we should t

Globalization How can it improve the Quality of Education

Arrangement and Division - Essay Example rting as consistently includes the topic of winning, each group tries to triumphs over the other and that is the thing that establishes the quintessence of the games. In a similar expansiveness, no group would need to be exceeded the simplest way and would put energetic battle rescue the circumstance (Eric Digest 29). Tragically in most event sports which are expected for the valid justifications end up in a bash of savagery. Indeed, sports and brutality can be easily be discussed in a similar line of proclamation. Most games go to be savage not toward the start of the walk, however during movement or toward the finish of the game, this leave just a single choice to clarify the wellspring of the brutality in sports; the fans not being content with the outcomes and the best way to facilitate their pressure and outrage is to blend strain and upset the in any case quiet condition to turn disorderly. With the end goal of top to bottom comprehension of the idea of viciousness in sports, this paper has characterized the different wellsprings of the brutality saw in the games as to what actuate them (Eric Digest 31). There can be a dichotomous and a sequence of the savagery in sports to realize request in understanding the data. To offer a normal input about this, we host to list the gatherings effectively associated with the brandishing exercises; the players, the fans, and the directing body. It is conceivable that viciousness can be incited by any of the three gatherings referenced. The administering staff are some of the time the best wellspring of brutality in sports concerning the choice they make on how the players take part in repudiating the standards of the game (Eric Digest 23). For example, when a football official give a punishment shoot during injury time there is well on the way to be an emission of viciousness as the aficionados of the other group will see it pernicious and intended to require rout on them. The other wellspring of savagery is between the fans, fans have consistently been known to have common disdain on

Course Concept Redesign Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Course Concept Redesign - Coursework Example Also, the new understudy can introduce their perspectives by remarking on the video and get criticisms from their kindred understudies. The inquiry methodology utilized article databases in recognizing the three sources on the idea of the nursery impact and environmental change. In the principal source, Reinfried and partners contend that it is troublesome changing student’s ordinary thoughts of the nursery impact. The test that ecological training face is making of instructional setting expected to encourage student’s calculated comprehension of the idea of the nursery impact. In encouraging understudies theoretical improvement with respect to the nursery impact, it is basic to configuration learning materials that advance dynamic subjective learning and concentrated on accomplishing profound comprehension of the idea. Reinfried et al., present in the article, a created learning material dependent on the hypothesis of understanding and thinking. They contrasted the viability of the structure and standard learning materials by utilizing pre-, post and follow-up test. In looking at the student’s c omprehension and information obtaining over the three estimation test, Reinfried et al., utilized both subjective and quantitative strategies. The investigation result exhibited that the gathering trained by the plan concentrated on top to bottom learning would be wise to information additions and maintenance contrasted with the gathering showed utilizing standard learning materials. The quality of the article, in this way, is it gives an instructional plan that connects with students in high psychological exercises, which upgrade profound calculated comprehension of the theoretical and complex idea of the nursery impact. Notwithstanding, the article has a shortcoming in introducing a relative report led for a long a span of time in light of the fact that reasonable changes require a lot of time to create. In the subsequent source, Ogden et al., focuses that the degree of environmental change influences human wellbeing in a

Impact of AIDS on Sub-Saharan Africa’s Economy

Sub-Saharan Africa is the piece of the world most horrendously affected by AIDS. By the finish of 2004 it was assessed that twenty-6,000,000 occupants in Sub-Saharan Africa were experiencing AIDS. Roughly seven to eight percent of the developed populace is influenced, with event rates getting as high as 40% in a couple countries.Females are unusually tainted, with juvenile young ladies multiple times more inclined than adolescent young men to get AIDS. In 2004 in particular, 2,000,000 individuals terminated of AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa.However the pestilence has far extended from its top, since infectivity rates are still surpassed losses from AIDS. Because of the hole among infectivity and progressive demise, we have as of not long ago to see the full effect of AIDS on Sub-Saharan Africa’s society as a whole.There have been varying sentiments over how AIDS has influenced the monetary eventual fate of the African mainland. Blended messages on the genuine monetary repercuss ions of the spread of the illness have added to a restricted reaction, notwithstanding the incorporation of battling AIDS in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).One of the least concentrated however most critical territories of the scourge's effect is provincial horticulture. In spite of the fact that long de-organized, country agribusiness is a wellspring of business for millions on the African landmass and is presently again being seen as a critical supporter of financial development and advancement by such associations as the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD).Hunger, food help and horticultural endowments are on the whole key components of the ebb and flow talk on Africa in approach hovers and in the media, yet barely any investigations have evaluated the effect of AIDS on agribusiness to push for explicit mediations to relieve the effect of the pestilence on rustic agriculture.This ailment has influenced a huge number of individuals and since a large number of them are ranchers accordingly it has by implication influenced farming moreover. Since farming is a significant wellspring of capital for people and the nation accordingly it has influenced the economy of Africa moreover. It appears to be evident that such elevated levels of disease and mortality will seriously hamper financial execution in the most vigorously influenced countries.Yet in the course of the most recent decade, various macroeconomic examinations have pronounced that AIDS isn't significantly affecting GDP development. These examinations are significant in light of the fact that they give ammo that permits legislators and researchers to excuse the plague as not deserving of activity and funding.In circles of influence far and wide, it is cash that drives strategy activities. The case that AIDS isn't affecting monetary execution talks boisterously and forestalls forceful mediation.( n5)This paper will begin with an evaluation of some of the macroeconomic investigations t hat intend to quantify the effect of AIDS on GDP development, and which add to the legitimization of a restricted worldwide reaction to the disease.Macroeconomic Analysis Of The Impact Of AIDSThe appraisals of the macroeconomic effect of AIDS have been to a great extent contemptuous because of the special character of the scourge. Helps influences the most unfortunate of poor people: the individuals who are not perceived or estimated by conventional macroeconomic markers. (Ruxin, 2004)As an UN report on â€Å"The Impact of AIDS† notes, â€Å"those country individuals whose exercises are not tallied by standard estimations of monetary execution and efficiency are among the most defenseless against the effect of AIDS.†( Bloom,  Mahal, 1997, 108)By not completely representing the casual segment, the rustic economy and little scope horticulture are generally excused, and ladies, who assume an enormous job in the casual economy and agrarian division, are underestimated. W hile the macroeconomic investigations evaluating the effect of AIDS ignore them, in truth it is poor people, the provincial and ladies who are generally influenced by the disease.After many years of disregard by governments and deserting by basic modification programs, there is a restored center around agribusiness by universal associations and gatherings, for example, the World Bank and NEPAD. Agribusiness is indeed being viewed as a main impetus for development in Africa.The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (CAADP) discharged in July 2003 states that â€Å"the high financial development rates conceived by NEPAD can't be acknowledged except if ranch creation is essentially expanded. Higher yield will straightforwardly lessen hunger and cut down the expense of food imports.It will likewise have more extensive monetary advantages, from invigorating country wages to giving crude materials to African industry.†(Harsch, 2004, 13) However, the rustic territorie s are the place AIDS is having its most destroying impact.At when populace development is high comparative with other rising economies, the measure of arable land is steady, the nature of land is debasing, and yield per hectare stale, the provincial zones are under expanded pressure.Adding the AIDS pandemic into an effectively unstable blend of variables powers the agrarian segment into a perilous descending winding and compromises seeks after financial development in sub-Saharan Africa.Few of the macroeconomic investigations explicitly address country vocations and agribusiness. They likewise survey the effect of AIDS without recognizing that, from a financial perspective, the essential effect of the sickness shows for the most part among individual monetary operators, for example people and family units. (Booysen, Bachmann, 2002)As an outcome, these macroeconomic models regularly neglect to take into account the impacts of various significant microeconomic effects which are endoge nous to such models. (Booysen, Bachmann, 2002)Though the demise of an individual may just speak to a minor change in GDP, the macroeconomists neglect to comprehend the expanding influence incessant ailment and passing has on networks. The impoverishment of networks falls upwards and impacts macroeconomic measures. The conventional macroeconomic research approach isn't adequate despite the across the board annihilation of AIDS.Microeconomic Analysis Of The Impact Of AIDSIt is essential for scientists to lead microeconomic family level examinations on the effect of AIDS. Such examinations report the financial decisions that families and people are compelled to make despite the scourge as far as family organization, work, profitability, reserve funds and adapting strategies.It is these practices that will advise eyewitnesses regarding the genuine effect the pestilence is having on sub-Saharan Africa and will therefore fill in as the reason for understanding the impact of AIDS on famili es, networks and the nation.Rural Household StudiesIt is obvious from existing microeconomic family unit level investigations that AIDS is destroying and will keep on decimating Sub-Saharan Africa's rustic horticultural segment and, through it, subverts the rural and provincial restoration that many see as the premise of Africa's recovery.As Carolyn Baylies notes, â€Å"AIDS is having a significant impact, sabotaging country family creation, adding to declining rural yield and influencing the very uprightness of families and their manageability as suitable units.†(Baylies, 2002, 12)This paper will presently dig into some of the microeconomic investigations, with an emphasis on provincial agrarian family contemplates, to evaluate the house hold level effect of the plague and to research the impacts that the macroeconomic investigations have to a great extent missed.A 2002 family unit sway study directed in South Africa by Frederick Booysen and Max Bachmann investigates the eff ect of AIDS on families in the Free State region. Scientists note that passings in the families because of AIDS for the most part happened in people in their 20s and 30s.A Rwandan examination uncovered that, for those that kicked the bucket, the normal time of disease before death was 23 months: an extensive stretch during which care must be given and meds looked for. (Donovan, 2003) Household sickness drastically builds the reliance proportion in the home.Booysen and Bachmann note that the family units influenced by AIDS in actuality have a littler flexibly of work than non-influenced families, with a bigger extent of the family unit comprising of kids and older people. (Booysen, Bachmann, 2002) Furthermore, reliance is exacerbated by the way that numerous people come back to their provincial homes to get terminal consideration in the wake of getting sick. (Jayne, 2002)The South African examination likewise evaluates the effect of AIDS on family unit pay. The creators note that â⠂¬Å"per capita and grown-up identical pay in influenced families speaks to just somewhere in the range of half and 60% of the degrees of pay in non-influenced households.†(Booysen, Bachmann, 2002)This sensational drop results not just from the loss of work of the contaminated individual yet additionally from the weight of care that falls on relatives. Critically, Booysen and Bachmann likewise investigate the effect of the sickness on use levels.AIDS altogether adjusts the utilization examples of families: â€Å"per capita and grown-up comparable use is somewhere in the range of 60% and 70% of the degrees of use in non-influenced households.† (Booysen, Bachmann, 2002) Notably, influenced family units spend less on food than non-influenced family units, which negatively affects the strength of family unit individuals.

Admission Decisions Category #1 The Waitlist COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Admission Decisions Category #1 The Waitlist COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The hot topic on email, the phone, and information sessions is, “When will decisions start to be released?”   The Admissions Committee is still feverishly reviewing applications and as stated in previous blog posts, hopes to start releasing decisions in early March.   I understand that “early” is not an exact term, and it matches the fact that I do not know the exact date yet.   I can tell you that this blog will be the first place where you can find out when decisions start to be released. As a reminder, we do not release all decisions at once. The majority of our decisions will be made soon but a decent percentage of applications take additional time to review.   Once we start to release decisions we do move to what you could call “rolling release.”   In other words, after the first large batch of decisions goes out we will start to release the decisions as they are made. The one question I cannot answer from an individual applicant is, “When will MY decision be released?”   The Committee has a system set up and that system does not accommodate individual requests for a decision.   I understand it is difficult to wait, but you will have to be patient and understand that we work as quickly and accurately as we are able. I thought I would take a few entries to describe the basic categories of decisions.   The categories are not complex and you could probably guess them, however providing an overview might help with digesting your letter when you view it.   Let me start with the waitlist category.   Do note that we do not release decisions in a specific order, the categories can be mixed. Admission to SIPA is competitive.   Sometimes the Committee must make tough decisions between applicants that might have similar backgrounds, qualifications, and potential.   While the Committee might agree that a candidate is certainly qualified for the program, the strong number of candidates and limited number of seats means that we cannot make an offer to everyone we feel is admissible.    Therefore, we will place a limited number of qualified candidates on the waitlist. Just like waiting for a decision requires patience, waiting for waitlist updates requires patience.   We will give admitted candidates until May 2nd to pay their deposit, and we likely will not have a strong feel for the number of accepted offers until after May 2nd passes.   The Admissions Committee does meet frequently to gauge the response to our offers and I will send out email updates to those on the waitlist after each meeting. There is no specific waitlist window so to speak, we have made offers to candidates on the waitlist as early as late April and as late as early August.   Circumstances in life can change and if candidates that have accepted an offer and pay a deposit inform us that they will not be able to come, it might open up a seat to someone on the waitlist.   We cannot predict if or when this might happen. If you are placed on the waitlist you will be given the opportunity to tell us whether you wish to remain on the waitlist.   Instructions will be provided in the waitlist letter.   I can say that candidates admitted from the waitlist will not be offered any scholarship funding from SIPA in the first year.   More information on funding will be provided in a future entry on the admit category. One final note about that waitlist is that we do not have a strict rank order.   The size of the waitlist changes over time as candidates notify us that they no longer wish to be considered.   When it comes time to consider candidates from the waitlist, files are read once again.   Although a “full read” might not be necessary, Committee members will review reader comment sheets and reference particular parts of the file that were highlighted in the comments.   As the reading is done we get a feel for the overall landscape of those on the waitlist and make decisions as appropriate. I am working on two more entries on admission categories that will be posted soon so stay tuned.

Ministers Black Veil Assessment - Free Essay Example

While Mr. Hooper gives a sermon on concealed sin, the parishioners _____. * A. feel he is looking into their souls B. strain to hear his muffled voice C. wonder what sin he has committed D. think about their neighbors sins Read the following quotation. What does it reveal about the symbol of the black veil? But even amid his grief, Mr. Hooper smiled to think that only a material emblem had separated him from happiness, though the horrors which it shadowed forth must be drawn darkly between the fondest of lovers. * A. The veil has power because it symbolizes something darker. B. The veil, and not sin, separates him from his happiness. C. The veil symbolizes the sins that fill Elizabeths soul. D. All lovers keep secrets, and the veil is a symbol of Mr. Hoopers secret love. What does this quotation about Mr. Hooper reveal about the possible social constraints of Puritan culture? . . . a man apart from men, shunned in their health and joy, but ever summoned to their aid in moral anguish. A. Sins are ignored during celebrations. B. Men will not admit when they are sick. * C. Anguish causes people to turn to ministers. D. Secrets are present in both happy and sad times. How does Mr. Hoopers veil affect the wedding? A. It makes everyone leave. * B. It ruins the event. C. It makes the event more fun, like a costume party. D. It causes a fight. Why does Mr. Hooper leave the wedding party early? * A. He catches sight of himself in a mirror. B. The wedding has become too wild. C. It is time for him to go home and pray. D. The bride and groom ask him to leave. What characteristic of Puritan culture do these lines most likely suggest? Beloved and respected as you are, there may be whispers that you hide your face under the consciousness of secret sin. A. Secret sins were the only topic of conversation. B. People are interested in only the minister. C. Ministers are considered beyond discussion. * D. People discuss the private lives of everyone. What meaning does the following quotation most likely reveal about the symbol of the black veil? All through life that piece of crepe had hung between him and the world: it had separated him from cheerful brotherhood and womans love, and kept him in that saddest of all prisons, his own heart. . . . A. Some people have an everlasting sadness in them. B. Puritans have happy relationships. C. People spend time only with happy people. * D. Sin can stop relationships from forming. Mr. Hooper most likely says that everyone wears a black veil because he _____. * A. believes that everyone is sinful B. wishes people could be more honest C. thinks people are beyond redemption D. wants to encourage suspicion Which is a value that the Puritans held. A. They understood that no one is sinless. * B. They tried to be sinless. C. They believed ministers were sinners too. D. They were forgiving of all, even ministers. Symbols often reveal the theme of a short story. What does the black veil represent? A. Love for all humans, even when they are imperfect. B. Respect for ministers, even when they are sinful. * C. Sin that separates a person from others and God. D. Hatefulness in everyone. Table 1 Table of Test Specifications Standard: RL3 Analyze the impact of the authors choices regarding how to develop and relate elements of a story. Title of Unit of Study: The Ministers Black Veil Grade Level: 11 Content Area: Language Arts Total Points: 10 Type of Items: Multiple Choice Blooms Taxonomy Cognitive Levels Number/ Percent of Items Per Level Objectives Multiple-Choice Level: Remembering Level: Understand Level: Analyzing Total/Percent When presented with a story, imagine what it would be like to live in that setting with those activities taking place alongside those characters by providing three accurate examples. 2 (20%) 2 (20%) When presented with a story, identify the correct meaning of the authors words and plot development with 80% accuracy. 3 (30%) 3 (30%) When presented with a story, analyze the word choices and techniques that build plot development, and use the conclusions to make correct inferences with 80% accuracy. 2 (20%) 3 (30%) 5 (50%) Total: 3 (30%) 4 (40%) 3 (30%) 10/100% Table 2 Curriculum Map Standard: RL3 Analyze the impact of the authors choices regarding how to develop and relate elements of a story. Learning Objectives: 1) When presented with a story, imagine what it would be like to live in that setting with those activities taking place alongside those characters by providing three examples. 2) When presented with a story, identify the correct meaning of the authors words and plot development with 80% accuracy. 3) When presented with a story, analyze the word choices and techniques that build plot development, and use the conclusions to make correct inferences with 80% accuracy. Grade Level: 11 Content Area: Language Arts Unit Title: The Ministers Black Veil Length of Unit: 1 week Description of Unit of Study: Students will study a one-week unit on Nathaniel Hawthornes The Ministers Black Veil and will analyze the impact of the authors choices regarding how to develop and relate elements of his story. Students will build upon pre-assessment knowledge, new vocabulary, and knowledge of symbol use before reading the short story. During the story, students will imagine what it was like to live as a character in the story and analyze the impact of the use of symbols and other word choices/techniques. Content and/or Essential Questions Knowledge and Skills Suggested Assessments Activities Resources 1) What word choices and techniques build the plot? 2) What do the authors words mean and how can I relate them to myself? 3) What knowledge and skills do I need in order to see how these words are developing the plot? 4) How will my knowledge of the use of a symbol in Hawthornes writing affect my perceptions of symbols used today? 5) What would it be like to live in this storys setting, with these activities happening around these characters? 6) What inferences can I make about the impact of these word choices? How can I apply this new literature knowledge today? Self-knowledge Cultural traits of Puritans Vocabulary Plot development Symbolism Unity of effect Ways to make inferences Pre-test: Day 1 Formative assessment: Days 2 4 Performance task: Symbolism/Inferences stations Summative, end-of-unit assessment: Day 5 Student Reflection: Day 5 Open with How does someone become a stranger? presentation. Quickwrite about personal experience. Symbolism, unity of effect, Puritan life, and new vocabulary review. Symbolism examination activity at stations, inferring then matching symbols with abstract ideas. Read first half of story. Symbolism/making inferences modeling at midpoint. Read second half of story. Discussion and Quickwrite: What word choices and techniques built the plot and what inferences did you make about the impact of these choices? Holt McDougal Powernotes presentation Google Classroom Quizlet.com Symbolism matching game cards Holt McDougal American Literature book

The Issue of Free Speech Versus Censorship - 690 Words

In modern society, the issue of free speech vs. censorship often comes up. It is a hot topic among those interested in social issues, and represents two well meaning but very different arguments. The argument for freedom of speech says that communication and connectivity promotes progress, while the argument for censorship says that silence and isolation promotes security. Freedom of speech usually refers to a citizens right to the expression and distribution of their opinions. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights defines freedom of speech as a human right, stating that Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference. It also states that all people have the right to express and share these opinions and exchange information through any medium of communication they choose. It is important that speech and expression of speech be distinctly defined, as the method of expression can be very subjective. For example, free speech in the United States has two limitations; disruption of the peace and incitation of violence. If the speech, or manner of expression of that speech is causing a stir in an otherwise peaceful area or group of people, the speaker can be legally censored by the police. The concept of freedom of speech has existed since at least 500 BC, where it was used in Athens, Greece. Athens was one of the first democracies, and possibly the birthplace of the concept of freedom of speech. (Freedom of Speech, Wikipedia) Free speech isShow MoreRelatedFree Speech Vs Hate Speech Essay769 Words   |  4 PagesFree speech versus hate speech is a very widespread debate as there are convincing arguments on both sides that are very compelling. Although there are many points commonly used to back up the argument that are false and inaccurate. 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The Modern Epic of Batman Essay - 731 Words

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Leadership Goals And Objectives Of Leadership - 1349 Words

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The Water Crisis Of Africa Essay - 1974 Words

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Epo in Sport Free Essays

string(34) " available in a variety of forms\." Competitive athletes are constantly in search of ways to get better, seeking a slight edge over their closest competition. They are willing to practice for countless hours, put themselves through rigorous training and follow a very strict diet. Those who are passionate about their sport are willing to do just about anything to improve performance, but just how far are athletes willing to go? With recent advancements in sports science, it has become possible to alter some elements of human physiology. We will write a custom essay sample on Epo in Sport or any similar topic only for you Order Now The human body has been meticulously studied over the years, and as a result we are able to comprehend how complex systems function enabling the human body to perform simple everyday functions, as well as, impressive athletic performances. Science has discovered there are ways to improve the physiology of the human body to enhance athletic performance. By carefully tailoring specific functions to enhance a specific task an athlete will most likely be able to get the â€Å"one up† on the competition. Science has also discovered there are dangers associated with tampering with these complex systems that keep the human body alive and well. Unfortunately, some athletes ignore the physiological risks/ professional repercussions and indulge in enhancing some physiological processes in order to gain a slight edge against the competition. Today, as well as in the past, various sporting organizations have had to deal with performance-enhancing issues through testing of their athletes, yet these people continue to seek out ways to sneak under the wire, undetected. One example of athletes trying to beat the system is that of the recently publicized performance-enhancing dispute with blood doping in the sport of cycling, namely the use of recombinant human erythropoietin (Robinson, Mangin, and Saugy 2003). The following will discuss the function of erythropoietin, its uses in medicine and athletics, the benefits and risks of artificial along with testing methods for detection of illegal use. In order to perform in endurance sports, efficient oxygen delivery from lungs to muscles is crucial. The cells responsible for oxygen delivery are erythrocytes, or red blood cells. The functional portion of the red blood cell that acts as an oxygen carrier is the protein molecule hemoglobin (Kraene, Fleck and Deschenes 2012). Hemoglobin is a four part haem-iron containing protein, with two alpha and two beta subunits associated with each molecule. Hemoglobin accounts for 99% of the protein composition of an erythrocyte (Lippi, Franchini, Salvengo et al). Circulating blood contains approximately 40-45% red blood cells in its composition (Kraene, Fleck and Deschenes 2012). The hemoglobin associated with each red blood cell has a specific mechanism for pick-up and delivery of oxygen. This mechanism depends on varying physiological body conditions during which oxygen has differing affinity for the hemoglobin molecule. The conditions at which affinity for oxygen is high include lower body temperature, low carbon dioxide, and low 2,3-diphosphoglyerate (Elliott 2008). As these are the conditions found in the lungs, plentiful oxygen will bind to the hemoglobin for transport to the tissue cells in the body. In the tissue where carbon dioxide concentrations are high, body temperature increases, higher hydrogen ion and ,2,3-disphosphoglycerate concentrations, oxygen affinity for hemoglobin is reduced, resulting in the delivery of oxygen to tissues (Elliott 2008). During physical exercise, the body’s consumption of oxygen is increased due to the demand of working muscles. As a result of this process, the carrying capacity of hemoglobin is adjusted automatically to deliver adequate oxygen to the muscle tissues (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). Applying this principle of supply and demand, to an endurance sport, one can see how an athlete’s aerobic training regime aims to peak the efficiency of the process of oxygen delivery from lungs to muscle tissue. To maximize the process of oxygen delivery, a high number of circulating erythrocytes is desired, resulting in more available hemoglobin and therefore more oxygen can be delivered to working muscles. Red blood cell (RBC) production, called erythropoiesis, is carefully controlled and monitored by the body (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). This monitoring system involves oxygen-sensing cells to detect hypoxia (low oxygen concentration) in the body. During oxygen deprivation, a nerurosecretory mechanism is activated through chemoreceptors found in the carotid body ( in the carotid artery found in the neck) and in the lungs. If out of balance, the body undergoes rapid cardiopulmonary adjustments to compensate for the current stress of hypoxia (Kraene, Fleck and Deschenes 2012). One of the factors present during hypoxia is the hypoxia inducible factor, HIF-1. This molecule acts as a transcription factor for controlling several genes (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). When oxygen levels are low, the enzymes that normally inhibit HIF-1 cease their activity. The HIF-1a molecule becomes available is now capable of binding with HIF-b to cross the nuclear membrane of the cell and promotes gene transcription (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). One of the main coding events that occurs as a result of the gene transcription is production of erythropoietin (Epo). This endogenous Epo is then produced in the body, specifically in the peritubular capillary-lining cells of the renal cortex of the kidneys, with minute amounts produced in the liver and brain (Kraene, Fleck and Deschenes 2012). When the Epo molecule is synthesized, the composition is initially a 193 amino acid molecule that eventually is released as a 165 amino acid protein with much of the total molecule composed of carbohydrate (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). The release of Epo from the kidney to the blood then stimulates erythropoiesis in the bone marrow (Kraene, Fleck and Deschenes 2012). Science advancements in the 1980’s have led to a synthetic form of Epo known as recombinant human Epo (rHuEpo) (Spedding and Spedding 2008). It was first introduced by a team of researchers at the Northwest Kidney Centres, who conducted clinical trials that resulted in the first successful artificial form of this hormone (Eichner 2007). The production of rHuEpo, from mammalian cells to treat anemic patients was approved by the U. S. Food and DrugAdministration in 1989 (Elliott 2008). Today human recombinant erythropoietin is available in a variety of forms. You read "Epo in Sport" in category "Papers" It is synthesized with an amino acid sequence identical to that of endogenous erythropoietin, with slight differences in composition of carbohydrate portions of the molecule (glycosylation) (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). Alpha and beta erythropoietin are produced from Chinese hamster ovary cells with the only differences being a slightly longer half-life and slight difference in molecular weight (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). Another form of Epo is Erythropoietin gamma. It is produced from a different host cell and as a result has a different glycosylation pattern (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). Erythropoietin delta, yet another variation of the synthetic hormone, is the most recently introduced form. This type is produced from human cells, and has identical amino acid and glycosylation patterns as endogenous Epo, with a longer half-life of 18-20 hours compared to the 7-12 hour range of alpha and beta forms (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). The current research is clinically testing a protein called Continuous Erythropoietin Receptor Activator (CERA). This protein has a half-life of 133-137 hours, which equates to less frequent dosing. CERA unlike other synthetic forms of this hormone, has very mild side-effects and has yet to produce any serious adverse effects (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). This type of synthetic Epo may be the best option available for patients who require treatment for anemia (low hemoglobin levels). Unfortunately, some people suffer anemia due to various medical issues such as kidney disease, chemotherapy for cancer, HIV, blood loss, et cetera (Kraene, Fleck and Deschenes 2012). The body’s demand for Epo becomes more significant when such medical conditions arise. Often times Epo needs to be artificially supplemented to compensate for the lowered hemoglobin production/ hemoglobin loss (Catlin, Fitch and Ljungqvist 2008). Originally, recombinant human erythropoietin was developed as a substitute for endogenous Epo for those who suffered from abnormal blood conditions. It is highly effective in increasing hemoglobin levels, and as a result has numerous benefits such as, reduction in required blood transfusions, restoring energy levels, increase in exercise capacity, improves cognitive function and overall quality of life improvement (Elliott 2008). When administering this hormone, the dose, frequency of administration, the rate of rise of hemoglobin and target hemoglobin levels are strictly controlled (between 10-12g per 100mL), slightly lower than the range for normal range of 13-15g per 100mL. The lower range is maintained in order to keep the risks and side effects of the rHuEpo minimal (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). Careful monitoring and control is used to maximize the benefits for patients while minimizing the risks. Recombinant Epo not only benefits those who are suffering a blood condition but it has significant benefits to athletic performance (Elliott 2008). It is used illegally as an ergogenic aid primarily in endurance sports, such as cross-country skiing, track, swimming, and most notoriously, cycling (Bento, Damasceno, Neto 2003). One study, as noted in Exercise Physiology (Kraene, Fleck and Deschenes 2012), that involved well-trained male endurance athletes administered recombinant human erythropoietin 3 times a week for 30 days or until hematocrit levels reached 50%. The following resulted: an average hematocrit increase of 18. 9% (range of 42. 7-50. 8%), cycling time to exhaustion had increased 9. 4% (12. 8-14. 0 minutes longer), and cycling VO2 peak had increased 7% (range of 63. 8-68. 1 ml/kg/min). Another study also noted in Exercise Physiology (Kraene, Fleck and Deschenes 2012) gave low-dose subcutaneous injections of rHuEpo over a 6 week period to moderately to well-trained athletes and what resulted was a 6-8% increase in VO2 peak, time to exhaustion on a treadmill increased 13-17%, and hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit both increased by approximately 10% each. The use of recombinant human erythropoietin is found to have clear benefits in athletic performance, with higher trained individuals exhibiting enhanced results. At an elite level, where competition is so close, it is tempting for athletes to gain an edge over their competition though the use of rHuEpo. There is a certain amount of pressure on athletes in cycling to use ergogenic aids due to the fact that so many of the sport’s top competitors are using it to boost performance (Vogel 2004). In cycling, the abuse of this ergogenic aid has recently come to light in the media. Although many benefits can be reaped in athletic performance from recombinant erythropoietin, it is not without risks. When synthetic forms were first introduced, many of the risks were unknown to athletes and use was not medically monitored as would be the case with an anemic patient. As a result, sudden heart attacks occurred that led to more than a dozen deaths of Dutch and Belgian cyclists (Vogel 2004). Their deaths were connected to inappropriate administration of rHuEpo. This form of Epo had not yet been clinically studied from an athletic perspective. The combination effect of increasing hemoglobin to well above normal range along with other factors associated with endurance sports, makes tampering with the body’s natural blood physiology dangerous and potentially deadly (Robinson, Magin and Saugy 2003). Myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, transient ischemic attack and venous thromboembolism were all found to be potential events associated with the misuse of rHuEpo (Catlin, Fitch and Ljungqvist 2008). Due to the increase of red blood cells, the blood becomes more viscous and leads to an increased frequency risk of thrombotic events. There have also been proven reports of increased risk for migratory thrombophlebitis, microvascular thrombosis and thrombosis of cerebral sinuses, retinal artery, and temporal veins. The increased blood viscosity also increases systolic blood pressure during sub-maximal exercise and increases platelet reactivity resulting in risk of more blood clotting (Bento, Damasceno, and Neto 2003). One of the most serious risks found to be associated is that of red cell aplasia in which red blood cell formation ceases. Although rare but ife-threatening, this condition was found to be linked to the use of subcutaneous alpha-Epo (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). Anemia may also develop in individuals who mis-use rHuEpo after they discontinue the hormone, as it causes progressive erythroid marrow exhaustion due to prolonged periods of use. Some other risks and side effects include headache, muscle cramps, incomplete deviation of red blood cells, convulsion, and upper respiratory tract infect ions (Kraemer, Fleck and Deschenes 2012). The risks of using rHuEpo are more significant for athletes than average patients who are using for treatment. Athletes pushing to increase hemoglobin outside of a normal range run the risk of life-threatening circulatory/blood abnormalities. Testing for the use of banned erythropoietin in sports has been an ongoing challenge. As quickly as testing laboratories can produce testing methods for banned substances, new ways to slide under detection are being found (Cazzola 2000). It is difficult to directly identify rHuEpo as it has a relatively short half-life in most forms, for example an administration of 50 IU/kg given subcutaneously has a half-life of approximately 35. hours, and intravenous administration has a half-life ranging from 4 to 7 hours (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). Athletes could selectively time the administration of Epo and combined with concealing strategies to slip under the wire. As a result, laboratories are required to look at specific biomarkers that indicate past or current use of rHuEpo (Delanghe, Bollen and Beullens 2007). Human recombinant erythropoietin wa s initially a challenge to detect as various forms are extremely similar to that of endogenous Epo (Skibeli, Nissen-Lie and Torjesen 2001). As it is a rising issue in sport, laboratories are required to find better ways to detect the illegal use of rHuEpo. Initially as a measure to deter doping and identify usage, cutoff levels of hematocrit (the percentage of red blood cells in the blood) were established in some sports (Adamson and Vapnek 1991). For example, the International Cycling Union established cutoff hematocrit levels of 47% for women and 50% for men. This method was flawed, as it sometimes produced false positive results in athletes with naturally high hematocrit levels (Casoni, Ricci, Ballarin et al 1993). Currently, there is no foolproof testing method to detect the use of recombinant human erythropoietin. A combination of indirect and direct testing is currently the most effective method to identify blood dopers (Cazzola 2000). Indirect testing uses a blood sample and is based on the analysis of hematological parameters, including measures of hemoglobin, hematocrit, soluble transferrin receptors, serum Epo, percent reticulocytes, and macrocytes (Delanghe, Bollen and Beullens 2007). Changes observed in the above measures are often a result of introducing recombinant Epo to the body and can be used as an indirect marker to detect the substance (Skibeli, Nissen-Lie and Torjesen 2001). There is a reference range of parameters set for this form of testing, one indicating current use of Epo while the other can indicate recently discontinued use of Epo (Parisotto, Wu, Ashenden et al 2001). Indirect testing has the advantage of being able to detect Epo use several weeks after it has been administered, however the disadvantage of possibly producing false-positive results (Delanghe, Bollen and Beullens 2007). Changes in the measuring parameters used in indirect testing can also be the result of the body’s natural modifications from training methods such as altitude training (increasing RBC levels due to lower oxygen at higher altitude, a naturally occurring body compensation) (Kraemer, Fleck and Deschenes 2012). Indirect testing is useful in being a primary indication of recombinant erythropoietin use, yet it is not completely reliable. If use of Epo is suspected after using indirect testing methods, direct testing will follow to confirm or deny the results (Birkeland and Hemmersbach 1999). Direct testing for recombinant Epo involves the collection of a urine sample. The urine sample needs to be fairly large (20ml) and strongly concentrated (between 700-1000 fold) (Elliott 2008). The approved test that uses the direct approach is based on differences in glycosylation between endogenous Epo and artificial forms (Elliott 2008). The recombinant and endogenous forms of erythropoietin have varying isoelectric points (pI). Using isoelectric focusing (IEF), the isoelectric points can be determined (Skibeli, Nissen-Lie and Torjesen 2001). The normal range for the pI of endogenous Epo is 3. 7-4. 7, while alpha and beta Epo have a slightly higher range of 4. 4-5. 1. The Aransep form of Epo has 2 extra N-glycosylaton sites in order to increase its stability, resulting in a pI range of 3. 7-4 (Parisotto, Wu, Ashenden et al 2001). In order to see the isoforms of Epo, double immunoblotting is used in combination with monoclonal anti-Epo antibodies. The interaction of the antibodies with the recombinant forms of Epo shows if illegal forms are present in the urine (Skibeli, Nissen-Lie and Torjesen 2001). The purpose of the double immunoblotting technique is to avoid secondary antibodies interacting with proteins in urine and affect the test. A technique known as chemiluminescence is used on the blot to image the Epo (Skibeli, Nissen-Lie and Torjesen 2001). Direct testing can detect most forms synthetic Epo. When a test is found to be positive for an illegal form of Epo, a second test is performed due to the fact that occasionally enzyme activity causes a shift in the electrophoretic banding pattern of the molecule (Parisotto, Wu, Ashenden et al 2001). Additional stability testing is performed where the urine sample is incubated overnight in an acetate buffer and rHuEpo. If a banding shift is observed during the isoelectric focusing, it can be determined that the sample is negative for rHuEpo (Parisotto, Wu, Ashenden et al 2001). The direct testing method is currently the most reliable and approved approach and can be used during competition and off-competition periods (Elliott 2008). The development of recombinant human erythropoietin was originally an approach to treat low hemoglobin levels in anemic patients. The athletic gains that can be exhibited through introducing rHuEpo have caused abuse at the elite level in many sports. Other than disqualification and loss of credibility as an honest athlete, there are also medical risks associated with tampering with the blood’s physiology in artificial ways. A combination of testing methods is currently used to identify those using rHuEpo as an ergogenic aid, as there is no single test that can clearly deny of confirm use. New ways to slip under the wire with testing are being discovered and used by athletes and laboratories are constantly working to keep up. The use of recombinant human erythropoietin is a serious issue of misconduct in sport and needs to be ended in order to keep competition ethical and fair. How to cite Epo in Sport, Papers

Person Centred Framework in Nursing

Question: Discuss about the Person Centred Framework in Nursing. Answer: Introduction Personal centered frameworks in nursing have been considered as one of the most convenient approaches in providing care in both hospitals and outside hospital settings (Disch, 2012). It includes how nurses and other healthcare professionals involve patients as equal partners in developing, planning and monitoring care to ensure patients needs are met (Basch, 2016). This highly consists putting patients and their families in the centered of decision making giving them and their opinions in their care high priority, seeing them as experts of their own life and working alongside other healthcare workers so as to get the maximum possible best outcomes (Disch, 2012). This does not just involve giving people whatever they need or providing health information, but also it involves considering people's values, culture, desires, lifestyles, social circumstances and religion (Greene, 2012). This means that a patient is seen as individual with capabilities of working together with nurses to develop and plan appropriate solutions in healthcare delivery (Disch, 2012). Therefore, it can only be demonstrated by sharing ideas with the patients and helping them manage their health. Since personal centered care is not just about environment and health activities, nurses and patients have to use intellectual thinking about care, nurse to the patient relationship and the actual services available (Basch, 2016). This study tend to demonstrate various aspects of personal centered framework including components of personal centered framework, reasons why it is important in healthcare, its application in infection control, how it has been used to enhance hand hygie ne and its relation with practice development principles and CIP(Collaborative, Inclusive, and Participatory) Person Centered Framework as used in Nursing Care Making the patients involve in health care particularly in their health cases has proven to be a key component of developing high-quality healthcare (Greene, 2012). According to health innovation network in 2015, personal centered care help the individual to get the care they need whenever they want, to be more active in taking care of their health and to improve the quality of services available (Greene, 2012). Other than that, the personally centered care has also shown and helps to minimize some of the possible pressures in social services and health care (Greene, 2012). In addition to that, a personal centered framework usually improves the experience people have in health care, leads to more healthy lifestyles, improves nurse and patients decision-making skills, lead to better health outcomes and improves professionalism and service of care (Greene, 2012). The person-centered nursing framework consists of four major components (McCarthy et al., 2012). These include prerequisites that majorly deal with the nurses attributes, the care environment which consist the context in which delivery of care happens, personal centered process that include delivering of care using a range of activities and the expected outcomes which are the end results of a good personal centered care (McCarthy et al., 2012). The prerequisites involve the attributes of the nurse which includes the development of interpersonal skills, being professionally competent, having a commitment to work, being able to show that she or he acknowledge patients beliefs and values and demonstrating self-understanding (Stephens, 2015). Professional competencies consist of nurses knowledge and skills in making decisions which include both physical and technical aspects of nursing care (Basch, 2016). The nurses interpersonal skills demonstrate the ability of a nurse to be able to make therapeutic communications freely and work commitment shows that a nurse has the dedication to provide what is best for the patient (McCarthy et al., 2012). According to Warfield and Manley in 1990, the acknowledging patient's beliefs and values and understanding oneself enables the nurse to deliver care in different cultural environments without bringing negative impacts to patients care (McCarthy et al., 2012). The care of environment involves the context in which the care in delivered. This includes staff relationship, systems that support shared decision making, risk taking, and ability to innovate and power sharing (Page and Hamer, 2012). According to various studies done by McCormack et al in 2002 and Rycroft Malone et al in the same year, there are various key characteristics of the context that enhances personal centered framework (Page and Hamer, 2012). This includes culture in the workplace, the organization commitments in using various evidence sources of quality of care to improve care delivery and the leadership quality delivered by nurses. In that case, the care environment normally can limit or facilitate the functionality of the person-centered process (Page and Hamer, 2012) The person process involves delivering of care using a range of activities that include working with individuals beliefs and values, being sympathetic, engaging each other, providing physical needs and making decisions that provide what is best for the patient (Disch, 2012). Understanding patients beliefs and values enable the nurse to know how various clients values their health and what they think is best for them (Reid, 2013). This is much related to shared decision making where a nurse provides the patient with health education and information and help him to make a decision by himself choosing what in the best from the available solutions (Disch, 2012). The nurse-patient relationship dictates the quality of engagement. Full engagement is described when the patient and nurse are able to work together and are fully connected whereas partial engagement is described when nurse and patient are unable to work together or cannot fully understand each other. A competent and skilled nurs e should be able to engage fully by adopting different patients situations (Reid, 2013). The outcomes are the end results expected when an effective personal centered nursing is experienced which include care satisfaction, the creation of a good therapeutic environment, good collaboration among staffs, feeling of wellbeing, a well-transforming leadership and innovation is highly supported (Reid, 2013). Patient satisfaction normally indicates a quality of care where patient are evaluated if they have demonstrated a good experience in care delivery (Reid, 2013). Application of Person-centered framework in infection control and hand hygiene compliance Infection control and prevention in both hospital and community setting is maximally about the individuals (Webster and Dewing, 2013). This means that, for a maximum prevention of infection, nurses has to focus on their care into patient-centered care so as to have high outcomes in health services (Basch, 2016). Empowering the patients to be in the centered for infection control in the process of care is not just giving treatment and explaining the risks the can have but it involves considering all individuals needs in all levels of care (Stephens, 2015). This start by designing the healthcare facility in such a way it provides maximum patient comfort and that avoid or protect the patients from various processes that promote infections (Lander, 2017). For example, designing a facility with adequate bed space to patient overcrowding that promotes infections transmission (Stephens, 2015). In addition, the patient should be provided with enough patient education and self-management skil ls so that they can be able to prevent infections by taking care of themselves (Nursing Knowledge Development and Clinical Practice, 2013). For nurses to support an effective approach for a god infection control in hospital and support patients activities that minimize cross infection various aspects need to be considered (Nursing Knowledge Development and Clinical Practice, 2013). First, the health care team needs to take into consideration of the patients when developing hospital facilities, policies, and programs (Lander, 2017). In admission to hospital, the nurse should familiarize the patients with infection control strategies and skills required in order to facilitate both health care environment and patient protection (Makous, 2012). The other thing nurses need to do is that when doing any procedure, they should be able to discuss any risk associated with the management (Landers, 2017). This can be done by encouraging the patient to disclose if they have any potential risk associated with the treatment of allergies to medication, explaining various infectious risks associated with the surgical operation and prolon ged hospitalization (Stephens, 2015). In addition to that, providing opportunities for patients to identify and communicate about any risks the think for infection and using that information in providing feedback procedures like providing educational resources about infection prevention and control and informing the patients about hospital protocols concerning self-protection (Landers, 2017). Hand hygiene has been recognized to be one of the most effective means that is currently used a common time to time method of preventing transmission of infections (Disch, 2012). Due to that reason, much emphasis has been placed on how to improve compliance especially by health care workers (Hart, Ford, and Shepherd, 2017). Evidence has shown that the patients flora and the hospital environment are the basic sources of many nosocomial infections (Lander, 2017). This insinuates that much effort has to be put to work toward making sure patient have enough hand hygiene (Disch, 2012). According to World Health Organization (WHO) in 2009, the prevalence of omission of hand hygiene has always been high and is still very high. This is due to the fact that, most hospitals do not include patients in a more directly personal centered initiative (Landers, 2017). This involves including the patients in a hand hygiene initiative and provides policies and recommendation that promote hand hygiene p rotocols in hospitals (Hart, Ford, and Shepherd, 2017) The hospital should provide guidelines placed in all hospital wards as a demonstration of good hand hygiene procedures (Stephens, 2015). The patient should be taught the benefits of washing hands frequently and the hospital environment should be made in a way there are available resources that support the implementation of hand hygiene in practical areas (Hart, Ford, and Shepherd, 2017). Research has shown that, when nurses wash frequently their hands in front of the patient, inform the patients they want to wash hand or they have washed hands before and after the procedure promotes and enhances patients urge of washing hands too (Hart, Ford, and Shepherd, 2017). The patient should not just be provided with guidelines, information, and resources needed for hand hygiene but the nurses should involve them in the process of washing hands steps by steps (Landers, 2017). How person-centered framework relates with Practice Development principle According to McCormack in 2002, practice development is a process that tends to be continuous in improvements towards maximizing the patient-centered care (Harrison and Frampton, 2016). This is major put into practice by helping the healthcare workers to develop their skills and knowledge so as to transform the culture and context of care (Makous, 2012). This means that there is a great relationship between the enablement of performances, systems facilitation plus overall change in care. One principle of practice development suggests that, practice development is a complex methodology that should be used across all healthcare workers and involves both external and internal members (Makous, 2012). This means that for a good quality healthcare to occur, various members should be involved including the patient, family members, community and the healthcare team. Personal centered care suggests that patient is an important pillar care and should be included in decision-making process so as to make a collective solution (Harrison and Frampton, 2016). This can only be achieved if health care workers adopt and develop a quality personal centered framework (Stephens, 2015). The practice development principles argue that developing new methodologies that are complex involves not only a single intervention but a number of intervention from different of professional principles that involves developing, learning and transforming their practice in a way that can be sustained and e ffective (Harrison and Frampton, 2016). The practice development recommends the use of methodologies and activities that would bring a change by ensuring there are high levels of engagement thus improving the culture and context of practice (Adams, 2015). This is one of the major characteristics that is crucial in personal centered framework. For nurses and patients to work in way that would bring better outcomes, engagement is crucial (Harrison and Frampton, 2016). Nurses use interpersonal skills in various contexts to make sure there are high levels of understanding between patients and nurses thus improving the therapeutic relationships (Adams, 2015). According to a study by McCormack in 2007, there are various methods that can be used in practice development suggest for high levels of engagement and patient interaction to occur. This includes ethical processes agreement, making and identifying the roles of a nurse and patient, having a continuous and reflective learning and being person-centered (Adams, 2015). Similar to the personally centered framework, practice development advocates that nurses and other healthcare workers require developing, learn and have enough knowledge and skills so as to become self-sufficient professionals (Journal of Client-centered Nursing Care CrossMark Policy, 2016). This can be achieved by use of various methods which include clarifying values and workplace cultures, developing a shared vision, critical intent and participatory engagement, having god communication strategies, giving space for new ideas, developing self-concept skills, implementing various activities involve in health care and evaluating the consistent of outcomes (Journal of Client-centered Nursing Care CrossMark Policy, 2016). These methods help a nurse to integrate the self-sustaining skills of learning in practice, evades development and usage and in a content evaluation of practice change. This, in turn, promotes innovation which is crucial in bringing changes in healthcare (Park et al., 2014). There are a various set of skills required in practice development so as to make a nurse to adopt smoothly person-centered framework (Adams, 2015). These can also be regarded as professional competencies. This includes developing effective knowledge and skills, establishing and developing effective cultures that involve a leadership that is transformational, adopting skills that involve reflective practices, using ad developing policies, evaluating self and other working team members and helping the various individuals achieve the above skills (Adams, 2015). The major focus and intention of enabling the nurses to develop skills need to be used in practice development methods in the day to day practice or in a clinical context is facilitation (Disch, 2012). According to Kitchen in 2000, skilled facilitation has been stated as one of the most effective ways of enabling learning in practice and evidence use thus facilitating person-centered nursing (Disch, 2012). In addition to that, the effectiveness and effective care environment and culture are archived if the health care team works together (Ward, 2012). The use of CIP (Collaborative, Inclusive, and Participatory) principle in person-centered framework The CIP principle suggests that, for proper person-centered nursing, various aspects of care need to be addressed (Ward, 2012). One is the collaboration of all stakeholders that are involved in health care or in providing a solution for patient betterment (Adams, 2015). There are two major types of collaboration which include patient to nurse collaboration and interprofessional collaboration (McCarthy et al., 2012). Nurses must work together with other nurses and medical health workers so as to provide better solutions for healthcare (Park et al., 2014). This includes sharing knowledge and skills, experiences, resources and ideas in formulating and developing plans intended to improve patients wellbeing. Healthcare workers have also to collaborate with the patient, family, and community when making health decisions (Disch, 2012). The personally centered framework is all about the patient and family involvement in patient care. This means that the client has the authority to participate in decision-making process (Park et al., 2014). Empowering the family and patient in a participatory skill like patients education, encouraging the patient to come up with ideas, and implementing patients ideas and decisions have proved to provide a high quality of care (Park et al., 2014). Patients should also be allowed to take part in policy making and implementation. Areas, where individuals who are allowed to take part in policies making have demonstrated to have high levels of satisfaction thus better outcomes, are experienced (Park et al., 2014). Person-centered nursing is an inclusive framework that involves various components. These include health care systems and the care environments, healthcare workers and the patients (McCarthy et al., 2012). The health care system and the context in which the care is delivered should support patient involvement and participation. The health care workers should have enough knowledge and skills which promote the care delivery which is client centered (McCarthy et al., 2012). This should not only include treatment and give information to patients but also involve the patients in all levels of delivery. Patients should understand that, it is their duty to be involved in sharing decision which concerns their health care. Conclusion A personally centered framework is one of the most convenient approaches to providing care in hospital and outside community settings. This involves how nurses and other healthcare professionals consider patients as equal partners in developing, planning and monitoring care of the patient. Other than that, personal centered care normally improves the experiences different individuals have in health care, leads to more healthy lifestyles, improves nurse and patients decision-making skills, lead to better health outcomes and improves professionalism and service of care. There are four major components of personal centered care which include prerequisites that consist the nurses attributes, the care environment which deals with the context in which delivery of care occurs, a personal centered process which involves delivering of care using a range of activities and the expected outcomes which are the results of personal centered care. Practice development has been defined as processes t hat continuously work to improves and maximize the patient-centered care. Therefore, there is a great relationship between, enablement of performances, systems facilitation and the overall change in care. Personal centered care can be applied in the prevention of infection, in that nurses has to empower the patients to be in the centered for infection control in the process of care which is not just giving treatment and explaining the risks the can have but it involving all individuals needs in all levels of care. Hand hygiene compliance is one of the best infection control practice that should be highly centered towards patients. This can be done by including the patients in a hand hygiene initiative and provides policies and recommendation that promote hand hygiene protocols in all health care settings. Nurses and other health care workers should provide guidelines and the placed in all hospital which demonstrates good hand hygiene procedures as a method of hand hygiene promotion. Similar to the personal centered framework, practice development principles indicates that nurses and other healthcare workers require to develop, learn and have enough knowledge and skills so as to become self-sufficient professionals. The CIP principle recommends that, for a good patient-centered care, health care should be inclusive, patients should be allowed in decision making and all health care providers should collaborate with the patient to provide better solutions for care. References Adams, J. (2015). Theories Guiding Nursing Research and Practice Making Nursing Knowledge Development Explicit,Cancer Nursing Practice, 14(2), pp.11-11. Basch, E. (2016). Toward a Patient-Centered Value Framework in Oncology.JAMA, 315(19), p.2073. Disch, J. (2012). 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