The Issue of Free Speech Versus Censorship - 690 Words

In modern society, the issue of free speech vs. censorship often comes up. It is a hot topic among those interested in social issues, and represents two well meaning but very different arguments. The argument for freedom of speech says that communication and connectivity promotes progress, while the argument for censorship says that silence and isolation promotes security. Freedom of speech usually refers to a citizens right to the expression and distribution of their opinions. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights defines freedom of speech as a human right, stating that Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference. It also states that all people have the right to express and share these opinions and exchange information through any medium of communication they choose. It is important that speech and expression of speech be distinctly defined, as the method of expression can be very subjective. For example, free speech in the United States has two limitations; disruption of the peace and incitation of violence. If the speech, or manner of expression of that speech is causing a stir in an otherwise peaceful area or group of people, the speaker can be legally censored by the police. The concept of freedom of speech has existed since at least 500 BC, where it was used in Athens, Greece. Athens was one of the first democracies, and possibly the birthplace of the concept of freedom of speech. (Freedom of Speech, Wikipedia) Free speech isShow MoreRelatedFree Speech Vs Hate Speech Essay769 Words   |  4 PagesFree speech versus hate speech is a very widespread debate as there are convincing arguments on both sides that are very compelling. Although there are many points commonly used to back up the argument that are false and inaccurate. All Americans have a right to freedom of religion, speech, press, petition, and assembly as depicted in the first amendment, but the exceptions to freedom of speech have never directly been acknowledged by the U.S. Supreme Court. The common slippery-slope argument forRead MoreDeconstruction Of Online Realities : Why They Censored And Western Philosophy Of Ethics1330 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will thoroughly discuss the censorship and fundamental rights to Canadian and American Freedom of Speech. Ethics is philosophy. The Greek philosopher Pluto whose discussion was of image and reality and the way his standpoint was related into triggering the long-running dispute between those who champion sense experience (called empiricists) or perception that in their view that provides to them with an immediate and measurable grasp of reality versus those who uphold reason rather thanRead MoreHolding Social Media Accountable For Violence. Today’S1291 Words   |  6 Pagesbreakdown, or crime, for a moment of notoriety on a live feed is appalling in the least. How could social media, such as Facebook, allow a live airing of a murder and hold it as acceptable, or part of a first amendment right to freedom of speech and expression? With such issues in mind, Facebook should better censor or monitor their live newsfeeds to avoid further escalations of violence. One of the dangers of Facebook is the public can now view life as it happens, while allowing the author of the feed toRead More3d Printed Weapons : Unjust Censorship Of A Public Threat1508 Words   |  7 Pages 3D Printed Weapons: Unjust Censorship of a Public Threat 3D printing has become astronomically popular in the world of today. From toys and guitars to camera lenses and even houses, 3D printing can create just about anything. But with gun control being a prominent issue in American society and 3D printing becoming more readily available, controversy emerges. Recently, many â€Å"blueprints† for 3D printed firearms have become available for free online on websites like Defense Distributed, DrawingDatabaseRead MoreThe Effects Of Internet On The Internet2010 Words   |  9 PagesThe internet is more readily available today than it has even been before; Individuals feel that they can implement their freedom of speech right on the internet as they please. This raises concerns about how we can regulate offensive or harmful forms of speech such as pornography, hate speech. The internet has actually created special problems for censoring and posting materials online. In this paper I will discuss the most feasible way of regulating online c ontent, when to draw the line betweenRead MoreEssay about Social Media is Free Speech Gone Mad1063 Words   |  5 Pages The notion of freedom of speech is â€Å"the right to express information, ideas, and opinions free of government restrictions based on content and subject only to reasonable limitations.† Social media rapidly travels virally, thus magnifying issues so that they are more exaggerated than they would be through conventional media. How do we ensure that this technology benefits society and does not create a scenario which is of detriment to us – how do we prevent â€Å"free speech gone mad†? Athlete’s use ofRead MoreHuman Rights Violations in China - Should Western Companies Continue to Do Business with China?1636 Words   |  7 Pagesrestrictions in many human rights areas. The Chinese constitution foresees fundamental rights for all Chinese citizens such as, the freedom of speech, press, religion, etc. However, in reality these fundam ental rights are not granted to the Chinese citizens. The human rights violations in china include the lack of political and religious freedom, the censorship of media, the one-child policy, the social status of the Tibetans and the capital punishment. China has made a large evolution in human rightsRead MoreInternet Censorship1799 Words   |  8 PagesTechnologies Used In Internet Censorship and Control Murdoch (2013) opines the Internet as an entity where control is always fought over for by those that use it. He further demystifies the internet, breaking it down to the two protocols that define it. These are the transmission control protocol – TCP- and the Internet Protocol –Ip. It is these protocols that enable the connection of two separate networks to each other. The protocols enable the easy connection of separate networks, without theRead MoreReligious Censorship Fuels Inequality and Otherness 2728 Words   |  11 Pagesaccepted as an essential part of developing a harmonious community, but tolerance and censorship are not entirely the same thing. While tolerance is defined by the OED as the disposition to be patient with or indulgent to the opinions or practices of others; freedom from bigotry or undue severity in judging the conduct of others, and implies a personal decision to accept the differences of others, censorship is defined as official supervision; c ontrol by the OED which revokes personal responsiblityRead MoreIs the Internet a Human Right?3048 Words   |  13 PagesFreedom of expression is nearly always considered a basic human right; in other words free and unregulated authorship is clearly privileged. However, freedom of readership is not usually accorded an equal footing, without any explanation for its exclusion. In my target book, Human Rights and the Internet, Marshall Conley and Christina Patterson offer a nice turn of phrase for this: â€Å"freedom of expression† versus â€Å"freedom of impression.† Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights does

The Modern Epic of Batman Essay - 731 Words

An epic is a long narrative poem that tells the exploits of an epic hero. Epics are comprised of an epic hero and an epic battle between good and evil. The earliest known epic today is The Epic of Gilgamesh. This tale is about Gilgamesh’s search for eternal life. Although epics have been around for thousands of years, the epic tradition still has an enormous impact on modern writing and film. In fact, Batman, a story about Bruce Wayne trying to conquer all criminals in Gotham, can be seen as modern epic. An epic must have a vast setting, start â€Å"in medias res† and consist epithets. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, he travels to an island that no human has ever been before and farther into the unknown world similar to how Bruce Wayne is released†¦show more content†¦Heroic heroes, Batman and Gilgamesh, perform numerous brave deeds. Before Bruce becomes Batman, he receives expert training from the League of Shadows high in the mountains where he learns how to disapp ear, face his fears, and become more than a man. In the Iliad, Achilles has the same concept of a special weapon, his armor. In both of Batman and Gilgamesh’s’ lives, they experience a tremendously traumatic event that changes their outlook on the world and life. Batman, Bruce Wayne, watches his parents be murdered in front of his own eyes as a young child and then blames himself for their death for his entire life, until he is taught to forget the past and make the future. Gilgamesh also had someone close to him die, his best friend. An epic battle is a fight between good and evil. In the battle, the epic hero and his enemy fight for their countries or their damsel in distress. Battles are in an enormous scale, involve supernatural weapons, and the universe is involved. Ferries and the entire city of Gotham are the victims of the fights among Batman and the Joker. When the Joker and Batman engage in hand to hand combat, Batman must go through various stories of the building and get past all of the Jokers men without being killed. Throughout the entire film, Batman and the cops try and take down the Mafia and cut off their money supply and the drugShow MoreRelatedEssay Beowulf and Batman622 Words   |  3 PagesThere are many similarities between Batman- a modern day hero making use of his intellect, modern technology, and detective skills on crime and warfare and the classic hero, Beowulf- who travels great distances to prove his strength against his enemies, even at impossible odds. For example, the simplest be ing that they are both heroes working towards the common good, saving others without twice thinking of their own safety. However there are also many differences: obvious ones such as the fact theyRead MoreBeowulf Character Analysis999 Words   |  4 Pageschronicles most of his life. Even when comparing him with another run-of-the-mill hero like Batman, his shortcomings are still obvious. Beowulf and Batman are both archetypal characters that embody aspects of the epic hero. Thus, they re both incredibly strong. Beowulf swims for seven days while simultaneously fighting sea monsters. He also displays robustness fighting Grendel when he rips off Grendel’s arm. Batman regularly fights entire gangs, showing not only strength but endurance. They also liveRead MoreBatman And Byronic Hero709 Words   |  3 Pageshero is immortalized as the bridge between epic hero and an anti-hero, in-between with the romantic and tragic hero as well. The main key elements that are present in many Byronic heroes is their sense of darkness and social exile, the struggle for acceptance not only from themselves but also from society, and finally internal traumas that were caused from past events. One of the modern characters that immortalizes the Byronic hero is DC Comics, Batman. From the original comic books, to televisionRead MoreThe Modern Medieval Hero1679 Words   |  7 Pages The Modern Medieval Hero The Modern Medieval Hero Bruce Wayne was only but a child when he watched helplessly as his parents were gunned down in front of him during a mugging in Gotham City. This crime would come to define his life. To the public, he would excel and succeed his father and become the heir and millionaire of the Wayne corporation. In secret, he would dedicate himself to becoming one of the world’s greatest weapons against crime—the Batman. Batman perfectly embodiesRead MoreMlan Vs Mulan790 Words   |  4 PagesUsually, an epic hero consists of being a male (female) of noble birth, courageous, actions determine the fate of a group, and some tend to have â€Å"supernatural† powers. There’s an article called â€Å"Beowulf versus Batman† that describes the type of modern culture where an Epic hero is described to be a leader whom has the authority and passion that is more substantial than ours. However, nowadays the modern-day heroes contribute to more than few of these preferences. In addition, we all have witnessedRead MoreOdysseus Character as Genuine Hero Essay examples871 Words   |  4 Pagesadversary through out this epic poem. The retaliation from Poseidon in all cost could have been avoided if and only if Odysseus had not entered the Cyclops’ den. When comparing Odysseus to any modern day hero, the best choice hands down is Gotham City’s finest, Batman. Both are men are mortal and both conquer obstacles that are humanly impossible yet always seem to succeed. Despite their common capabilities, there are a few differences between Batman and Odysseus. For example, Batman never killed anyoneRead MoreBatman And Gilgamesh Essay1733 Words   |  7 PagesCLT3378-01 gg13e@my.fsu.edu Word Count: 1,725 Batman Begins and the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh both feature the story of a culture hero. In both of these works, the heroic quest of the culture hero is significant. Apart from having similar narratives, these two stories also have significant differences in themes. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh becomes a hero for fame and immortality, while in Batman Begins; Bruce Wayne becomes a hero to avenge the deaths of his parentsRead MoreAnalysis Of Tim Burton s The Brilliant Joker Essay1588 Words   |  7 PagesNicholson’s brilliant Joker as he laments in Tim Burton’s classic 1989 film, Batman, â€Å"Where does he get those wonderful toys?† The average person may not be villainously inclined, but one can certainly relate to having their best laid plans constantly being thwarted. Though, to be fair, probably very few people would take issue with someone as awesome as the Batman getting in their way. Despite being a mere mortal, Batman and his fellow graphic novel heroes serve as present day gods akin to the ancientRead MoreLook, Up On The Screen!: The Popularity Of Superhero Films875 Words   |  4 PagesLook, Up On The Screen!: The Popularity Of Superhero Films A common trend in modern day film is the recent popularity of movies based on comic-book superheroes. This trend has the potential to become very commonplace or eventually fizzle out in the near future. The superhero film genre has existed for over 20 years, but didn’t grow to epic proportions until the 2000 release â€Å"X-Men†. The popular characters of the Marvel magazine had been confined to comics or television because the effects requiredRead MoreCritique Analysis Of Beowulf753 Words   |  4 PagesCritique Paper – Beowulf In the epic Beowulf, the main character Beowulf possesses all the qualities of a hero during the Anglo Saxon Era. He demonstrates his courage, loyalty, wisdom, and strength but are these qualities enough to consider him a hero by the standards of today? Beowulf has qualities that strong heroes have but didnt struggle to get them because he was born with it. He has many adventures, like fighting Grendel and other monstrous creatures but was very sure of himself. He was

Leadership Goals And Objectives Of Leadership - 1349 Words

Leadership is splendidly complex, a cognitive process involving a perception based, relationship-oriented phenomenon found among leaders and followers. The most effective leaders understand the importance for embracing change and continuously galvanizing essential leadership skills and capabilities. While business environments are continuously changing, underestimating the importance for effective leadership has previously proven futile for many organizations. The need for organizational leaders to shift focus away from profitability is surreal, goals and objectives must focus on accommodating corporate, social, and environmental responsibilities. The premise of leadership is about turning data and information into knowledge and†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, the paper will document and reveal temporary strategic plans beginning to take shape while the current course progressed. Conducting a strategy-to-performance gap analysis related previous leadership endeavors a nd as a result, enhanced a vast-array of individual performance related variables. The following paper reveals useful information applicable towards positively enhancing strategic leadership capabilities and performance related criteria by taking into consideration a multitude of internal and external environmental variables. Over the duration of the current course titled Leadership Theories and Styles, a wide array of unexpected organizational changes transpired. Those changes will ultimately affect almost every facet of two separate organizations, down to the core. Because of the changes transpiring, positive enhancements influencing performance for one organization will occur, the probabilities are high for the other organization to slowly revert to previous performance levels. From the onset of the current course, our class began to gain a profound understanding for what leadership and leading others’ truly means. The past six weeks involved reviewing the leader / follower relationship, highlighting scientifically proven highly effective leadership values, characteristics, beliefs, and

The Water Crisis Of Africa Essay - 1974 Words

The purpose of this research paper is to discuss the water crisis in the region of Africa and how water can cause many other problems such as inadequate sanitation, poverty and diseases for the population. People living in third world countries are suffering from the water crisis that has become a major problem for the United Nations, World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund, Millennium Development Goals and many of the other organizations. For some of these organizations have been successful in providing a bit more water through the years it’s still a working process. Water is essential for life, it’s not just for the body’s physical need; yet millions of people do not have access to clean water. The lack of accessible of fresh water contributes too many diseases such as HIV, AIDS, waterborne diseases, causing the death of millions of women and children annually in the region. This is making it harder for the communities to develop a safe r home for their families and to improve the conditions of the country. This research paper will examine the problems, solutions and causes. How it all comes together, to contribute to this water crisis and to weather there is a solutions set by the United Nations, studies that have been conducted and other organizations, which can maybe work for the years to come. In addition, the same water problems are going to be discussed with regard to Africa for statics, examples and quotes done by the organizations in the past andShow MoreRelatedThe Water Crisis Of The Americas, Africa, Or Asia, Droughts And Floods1754 Words   |  8 Pages Whether in the Americas, Africa, or Asia, droughts and floods have long been part of the cycle of rural life (Hiscock 67). 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Imagine spending one-third of your day collecting water from the nearestRead MoreEconomic Theories : Supply And Demand1510 Words   |  7 Pagessupply of water in America and Africa effect the demand for it economically. 70 percent of the world is water yet, only one percent is actual available for human consumption (Water Supply). This fact has effects on how water is distributed and used in different regions of the world. In South Africa water scarcity has become a huge problem. South Africa is not a big region, it is about twice the size of Texas but, it has 49 million residents (Water In Crisis). Since everyone needs water to surviveRead MorePoverty in Kenya, Africa868 Words   |  4 Pagessuch as Kenya, Africa, is majorly affecting the citizens because of the diseases that are being spread throughout the entire state, the lack of medical supplies that is needed for each doctor, and unsanitary water and a very insufficient amount of food. 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Epo in Sport Free Essays

string(34) " available in a variety of forms\." Competitive athletes are constantly in search of ways to get better, seeking a slight edge over their closest competition. They are willing to practice for countless hours, put themselves through rigorous training and follow a very strict diet. Those who are passionate about their sport are willing to do just about anything to improve performance, but just how far are athletes willing to go? With recent advancements in sports science, it has become possible to alter some elements of human physiology. We will write a custom essay sample on Epo in Sport or any similar topic only for you Order Now The human body has been meticulously studied over the years, and as a result we are able to comprehend how complex systems function enabling the human body to perform simple everyday functions, as well as, impressive athletic performances. Science has discovered there are ways to improve the physiology of the human body to enhance athletic performance. By carefully tailoring specific functions to enhance a specific task an athlete will most likely be able to get the â€Å"one up† on the competition. Science has also discovered there are dangers associated with tampering with these complex systems that keep the human body alive and well. Unfortunately, some athletes ignore the physiological risks/ professional repercussions and indulge in enhancing some physiological processes in order to gain a slight edge against the competition. Today, as well as in the past, various sporting organizations have had to deal with performance-enhancing issues through testing of their athletes, yet these people continue to seek out ways to sneak under the wire, undetected. One example of athletes trying to beat the system is that of the recently publicized performance-enhancing dispute with blood doping in the sport of cycling, namely the use of recombinant human erythropoietin (Robinson, Mangin, and Saugy 2003). The following will discuss the function of erythropoietin, its uses in medicine and athletics, the benefits and risks of artificial along with testing methods for detection of illegal use. In order to perform in endurance sports, efficient oxygen delivery from lungs to muscles is crucial. The cells responsible for oxygen delivery are erythrocytes, or red blood cells. The functional portion of the red blood cell that acts as an oxygen carrier is the protein molecule hemoglobin (Kraene, Fleck and Deschenes 2012). Hemoglobin is a four part haem-iron containing protein, with two alpha and two beta subunits associated with each molecule. Hemoglobin accounts for 99% of the protein composition of an erythrocyte (Lippi, Franchini, Salvengo et al). Circulating blood contains approximately 40-45% red blood cells in its composition (Kraene, Fleck and Deschenes 2012). The hemoglobin associated with each red blood cell has a specific mechanism for pick-up and delivery of oxygen. This mechanism depends on varying physiological body conditions during which oxygen has differing affinity for the hemoglobin molecule. The conditions at which affinity for oxygen is high include lower body temperature, low carbon dioxide, and low 2,3-diphosphoglyerate (Elliott 2008). As these are the conditions found in the lungs, plentiful oxygen will bind to the hemoglobin for transport to the tissue cells in the body. In the tissue where carbon dioxide concentrations are high, body temperature increases, higher hydrogen ion and ,2,3-disphosphoglycerate concentrations, oxygen affinity for hemoglobin is reduced, resulting in the delivery of oxygen to tissues (Elliott 2008). During physical exercise, the body’s consumption of oxygen is increased due to the demand of working muscles. As a result of this process, the carrying capacity of hemoglobin is adjusted automatically to deliver adequate oxygen to the muscle tissues (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). Applying this principle of supply and demand, to an endurance sport, one can see how an athlete’s aerobic training regime aims to peak the efficiency of the process of oxygen delivery from lungs to muscle tissue. To maximize the process of oxygen delivery, a high number of circulating erythrocytes is desired, resulting in more available hemoglobin and therefore more oxygen can be delivered to working muscles. Red blood cell (RBC) production, called erythropoiesis, is carefully controlled and monitored by the body (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). This monitoring system involves oxygen-sensing cells to detect hypoxia (low oxygen concentration) in the body. During oxygen deprivation, a nerurosecretory mechanism is activated through chemoreceptors found in the carotid body ( in the carotid artery found in the neck) and in the lungs. If out of balance, the body undergoes rapid cardiopulmonary adjustments to compensate for the current stress of hypoxia (Kraene, Fleck and Deschenes 2012). One of the factors present during hypoxia is the hypoxia inducible factor, HIF-1. This molecule acts as a transcription factor for controlling several genes (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). When oxygen levels are low, the enzymes that normally inhibit HIF-1 cease their activity. The HIF-1a molecule becomes available is now capable of binding with HIF-b to cross the nuclear membrane of the cell and promotes gene transcription (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). One of the main coding events that occurs as a result of the gene transcription is production of erythropoietin (Epo). This endogenous Epo is then produced in the body, specifically in the peritubular capillary-lining cells of the renal cortex of the kidneys, with minute amounts produced in the liver and brain (Kraene, Fleck and Deschenes 2012). When the Epo molecule is synthesized, the composition is initially a 193 amino acid molecule that eventually is released as a 165 amino acid protein with much of the total molecule composed of carbohydrate (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). The release of Epo from the kidney to the blood then stimulates erythropoiesis in the bone marrow (Kraene, Fleck and Deschenes 2012). Science advancements in the 1980’s have led to a synthetic form of Epo known as recombinant human Epo (rHuEpo) (Spedding and Spedding 2008). It was first introduced by a team of researchers at the Northwest Kidney Centres, who conducted clinical trials that resulted in the first successful artificial form of this hormone (Eichner 2007). The production of rHuEpo, from mammalian cells to treat anemic patients was approved by the U. S. Food and DrugAdministration in 1989 (Elliott 2008). Today human recombinant erythropoietin is available in a variety of forms. You read "Epo in Sport" in category "Papers" It is synthesized with an amino acid sequence identical to that of endogenous erythropoietin, with slight differences in composition of carbohydrate portions of the molecule (glycosylation) (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). Alpha and beta erythropoietin are produced from Chinese hamster ovary cells with the only differences being a slightly longer half-life and slight difference in molecular weight (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). Another form of Epo is Erythropoietin gamma. It is produced from a different host cell and as a result has a different glycosylation pattern (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). Erythropoietin delta, yet another variation of the synthetic hormone, is the most recently introduced form. This type is produced from human cells, and has identical amino acid and glycosylation patterns as endogenous Epo, with a longer half-life of 18-20 hours compared to the 7-12 hour range of alpha and beta forms (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). The current research is clinically testing a protein called Continuous Erythropoietin Receptor Activator (CERA). This protein has a half-life of 133-137 hours, which equates to less frequent dosing. CERA unlike other synthetic forms of this hormone, has very mild side-effects and has yet to produce any serious adverse effects (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). This type of synthetic Epo may be the best option available for patients who require treatment for anemia (low hemoglobin levels). Unfortunately, some people suffer anemia due to various medical issues such as kidney disease, chemotherapy for cancer, HIV, blood loss, et cetera (Kraene, Fleck and Deschenes 2012). The body’s demand for Epo becomes more significant when such medical conditions arise. Often times Epo needs to be artificially supplemented to compensate for the lowered hemoglobin production/ hemoglobin loss (Catlin, Fitch and Ljungqvist 2008). Originally, recombinant human erythropoietin was developed as a substitute for endogenous Epo for those who suffered from abnormal blood conditions. It is highly effective in increasing hemoglobin levels, and as a result has numerous benefits such as, reduction in required blood transfusions, restoring energy levels, increase in exercise capacity, improves cognitive function and overall quality of life improvement (Elliott 2008). When administering this hormone, the dose, frequency of administration, the rate of rise of hemoglobin and target hemoglobin levels are strictly controlled (between 10-12g per 100mL), slightly lower than the range for normal range of 13-15g per 100mL. The lower range is maintained in order to keep the risks and side effects of the rHuEpo minimal (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). Careful monitoring and control is used to maximize the benefits for patients while minimizing the risks. Recombinant Epo not only benefits those who are suffering a blood condition but it has significant benefits to athletic performance (Elliott 2008). It is used illegally as an ergogenic aid primarily in endurance sports, such as cross-country skiing, track, swimming, and most notoriously, cycling (Bento, Damasceno, Neto 2003). One study, as noted in Exercise Physiology (Kraene, Fleck and Deschenes 2012), that involved well-trained male endurance athletes administered recombinant human erythropoietin 3 times a week for 30 days or until hematocrit levels reached 50%. The following resulted: an average hematocrit increase of 18. 9% (range of 42. 7-50. 8%), cycling time to exhaustion had increased 9. 4% (12. 8-14. 0 minutes longer), and cycling VO2 peak had increased 7% (range of 63. 8-68. 1 ml/kg/min). Another study also noted in Exercise Physiology (Kraene, Fleck and Deschenes 2012) gave low-dose subcutaneous injections of rHuEpo over a 6 week period to moderately to well-trained athletes and what resulted was a 6-8% increase in VO2 peak, time to exhaustion on a treadmill increased 13-17%, and hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit both increased by approximately 10% each. The use of recombinant human erythropoietin is found to have clear benefits in athletic performance, with higher trained individuals exhibiting enhanced results. At an elite level, where competition is so close, it is tempting for athletes to gain an edge over their competition though the use of rHuEpo. There is a certain amount of pressure on athletes in cycling to use ergogenic aids due to the fact that so many of the sport’s top competitors are using it to boost performance (Vogel 2004). In cycling, the abuse of this ergogenic aid has recently come to light in the media. Although many benefits can be reaped in athletic performance from recombinant erythropoietin, it is not without risks. When synthetic forms were first introduced, many of the risks were unknown to athletes and use was not medically monitored as would be the case with an anemic patient. As a result, sudden heart attacks occurred that led to more than a dozen deaths of Dutch and Belgian cyclists (Vogel 2004). Their deaths were connected to inappropriate administration of rHuEpo. This form of Epo had not yet been clinically studied from an athletic perspective. The combination effect of increasing hemoglobin to well above normal range along with other factors associated with endurance sports, makes tampering with the body’s natural blood physiology dangerous and potentially deadly (Robinson, Magin and Saugy 2003). Myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, transient ischemic attack and venous thromboembolism were all found to be potential events associated with the misuse of rHuEpo (Catlin, Fitch and Ljungqvist 2008). Due to the increase of red blood cells, the blood becomes more viscous and leads to an increased frequency risk of thrombotic events. There have also been proven reports of increased risk for migratory thrombophlebitis, microvascular thrombosis and thrombosis of cerebral sinuses, retinal artery, and temporal veins. The increased blood viscosity also increases systolic blood pressure during sub-maximal exercise and increases platelet reactivity resulting in risk of more blood clotting (Bento, Damasceno, and Neto 2003). One of the most serious risks found to be associated is that of red cell aplasia in which red blood cell formation ceases. Although rare but ife-threatening, this condition was found to be linked to the use of subcutaneous alpha-Epo (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). Anemia may also develop in individuals who mis-use rHuEpo after they discontinue the hormone, as it causes progressive erythroid marrow exhaustion due to prolonged periods of use. Some other risks and side effects include headache, muscle cramps, incomplete deviation of red blood cells, convulsion, and upper respiratory tract infect ions (Kraemer, Fleck and Deschenes 2012). The risks of using rHuEpo are more significant for athletes than average patients who are using for treatment. Athletes pushing to increase hemoglobin outside of a normal range run the risk of life-threatening circulatory/blood abnormalities. Testing for the use of banned erythropoietin in sports has been an ongoing challenge. As quickly as testing laboratories can produce testing methods for banned substances, new ways to slide under detection are being found (Cazzola 2000). It is difficult to directly identify rHuEpo as it has a relatively short half-life in most forms, for example an administration of 50 IU/kg given subcutaneously has a half-life of approximately 35. hours, and intravenous administration has a half-life ranging from 4 to 7 hours (Lippi, Franchini, Salvango et al 2006). Athletes could selectively time the administration of Epo and combined with concealing strategies to slip under the wire. As a result, laboratories are required to look at specific biomarkers that indicate past or current use of rHuEpo (Delanghe, Bollen and Beullens 2007). Human recombinant erythropoietin wa s initially a challenge to detect as various forms are extremely similar to that of endogenous Epo (Skibeli, Nissen-Lie and Torjesen 2001). As it is a rising issue in sport, laboratories are required to find better ways to detect the illegal use of rHuEpo. Initially as a measure to deter doping and identify usage, cutoff levels of hematocrit (the percentage of red blood cells in the blood) were established in some sports (Adamson and Vapnek 1991). For example, the International Cycling Union established cutoff hematocrit levels of 47% for women and 50% for men. This method was flawed, as it sometimes produced false positive results in athletes with naturally high hematocrit levels (Casoni, Ricci, Ballarin et al 1993). Currently, there is no foolproof testing method to detect the use of recombinant human erythropoietin. A combination of indirect and direct testing is currently the most effective method to identify blood dopers (Cazzola 2000). Indirect testing uses a blood sample and is based on the analysis of hematological parameters, including measures of hemoglobin, hematocrit, soluble transferrin receptors, serum Epo, percent reticulocytes, and macrocytes (Delanghe, Bollen and Beullens 2007). Changes observed in the above measures are often a result of introducing recombinant Epo to the body and can be used as an indirect marker to detect the substance (Skibeli, Nissen-Lie and Torjesen 2001). There is a reference range of parameters set for this form of testing, one indicating current use of Epo while the other can indicate recently discontinued use of Epo (Parisotto, Wu, Ashenden et al 2001). Indirect testing has the advantage of being able to detect Epo use several weeks after it has been administered, however the disadvantage of possibly producing false-positive results (Delanghe, Bollen and Beullens 2007). Changes in the measuring parameters used in indirect testing can also be the result of the body’s natural modifications from training methods such as altitude training (increasing RBC levels due to lower oxygen at higher altitude, a naturally occurring body compensation) (Kraemer, Fleck and Deschenes 2012). Indirect testing is useful in being a primary indication of recombinant erythropoietin use, yet it is not completely reliable. If use of Epo is suspected after using indirect testing methods, direct testing will follow to confirm or deny the results (Birkeland and Hemmersbach 1999). Direct testing for recombinant Epo involves the collection of a urine sample. The urine sample needs to be fairly large (20ml) and strongly concentrated (between 700-1000 fold) (Elliott 2008). The approved test that uses the direct approach is based on differences in glycosylation between endogenous Epo and artificial forms (Elliott 2008). The recombinant and endogenous forms of erythropoietin have varying isoelectric points (pI). Using isoelectric focusing (IEF), the isoelectric points can be determined (Skibeli, Nissen-Lie and Torjesen 2001). The normal range for the pI of endogenous Epo is 3. 7-4. 7, while alpha and beta Epo have a slightly higher range of 4. 4-5. 1. The Aransep form of Epo has 2 extra N-glycosylaton sites in order to increase its stability, resulting in a pI range of 3. 7-4 (Parisotto, Wu, Ashenden et al 2001). In order to see the isoforms of Epo, double immunoblotting is used in combination with monoclonal anti-Epo antibodies. The interaction of the antibodies with the recombinant forms of Epo shows if illegal forms are present in the urine (Skibeli, Nissen-Lie and Torjesen 2001). The purpose of the double immunoblotting technique is to avoid secondary antibodies interacting with proteins in urine and affect the test. A technique known as chemiluminescence is used on the blot to image the Epo (Skibeli, Nissen-Lie and Torjesen 2001). Direct testing can detect most forms synthetic Epo. When a test is found to be positive for an illegal form of Epo, a second test is performed due to the fact that occasionally enzyme activity causes a shift in the electrophoretic banding pattern of the molecule (Parisotto, Wu, Ashenden et al 2001). Additional stability testing is performed where the urine sample is incubated overnight in an acetate buffer and rHuEpo. If a banding shift is observed during the isoelectric focusing, it can be determined that the sample is negative for rHuEpo (Parisotto, Wu, Ashenden et al 2001). The direct testing method is currently the most reliable and approved approach and can be used during competition and off-competition periods (Elliott 2008). The development of recombinant human erythropoietin was originally an approach to treat low hemoglobin levels in anemic patients. The athletic gains that can be exhibited through introducing rHuEpo have caused abuse at the elite level in many sports. Other than disqualification and loss of credibility as an honest athlete, there are also medical risks associated with tampering with the blood’s physiology in artificial ways. A combination of testing methods is currently used to identify those using rHuEpo as an ergogenic aid, as there is no single test that can clearly deny of confirm use. New ways to slip under the wire with testing are being discovered and used by athletes and laboratories are constantly working to keep up. The use of recombinant human erythropoietin is a serious issue of misconduct in sport and needs to be ended in order to keep competition ethical and fair. How to cite Epo in Sport, Papers

Person Centred Framework in Nursing

Question: Discuss about the Person Centred Framework in Nursing. Answer: Introduction Personal centered frameworks in nursing have been considered as one of the most convenient approaches in providing care in both hospitals and outside hospital settings (Disch, 2012). It includes how nurses and other healthcare professionals involve patients as equal partners in developing, planning and monitoring care to ensure patients needs are met (Basch, 2016). This highly consists putting patients and their families in the centered of decision making giving them and their opinions in their care high priority, seeing them as experts of their own life and working alongside other healthcare workers so as to get the maximum possible best outcomes (Disch, 2012). This does not just involve giving people whatever they need or providing health information, but also it involves considering people's values, culture, desires, lifestyles, social circumstances and religion (Greene, 2012). This means that a patient is seen as individual with capabilities of working together with nurses to develop and plan appropriate solutions in healthcare delivery (Disch, 2012). Therefore, it can only be demonstrated by sharing ideas with the patients and helping them manage their health. Since personal centered care is not just about environment and health activities, nurses and patients have to use intellectual thinking about care, nurse to the patient relationship and the actual services available (Basch, 2016). This study tend to demonstrate various aspects of personal centered framework including components of personal centered framework, reasons why it is important in healthcare, its application in infection control, how it has been used to enhance hand hygie ne and its relation with practice development principles and CIP(Collaborative, Inclusive, and Participatory) Person Centered Framework as used in Nursing Care Making the patients involve in health care particularly in their health cases has proven to be a key component of developing high-quality healthcare (Greene, 2012). According to health innovation network in 2015, personal centered care help the individual to get the care they need whenever they want, to be more active in taking care of their health and to improve the quality of services available (Greene, 2012). Other than that, the personally centered care has also shown and helps to minimize some of the possible pressures in social services and health care (Greene, 2012). In addition to that, a personal centered framework usually improves the experience people have in health care, leads to more healthy lifestyles, improves nurse and patients decision-making skills, lead to better health outcomes and improves professionalism and service of care (Greene, 2012). The person-centered nursing framework consists of four major components (McCarthy et al., 2012). These include prerequisites that majorly deal with the nurses attributes, the care environment which consist the context in which delivery of care happens, personal centered process that include delivering of care using a range of activities and the expected outcomes which are the end results of a good personal centered care (McCarthy et al., 2012). The prerequisites involve the attributes of the nurse which includes the development of interpersonal skills, being professionally competent, having a commitment to work, being able to show that she or he acknowledge patients beliefs and values and demonstrating self-understanding (Stephens, 2015). Professional competencies consist of nurses knowledge and skills in making decisions which include both physical and technical aspects of nursing care (Basch, 2016). The nurses interpersonal skills demonstrate the ability of a nurse to be able to make therapeutic communications freely and work commitment shows that a nurse has the dedication to provide what is best for the patient (McCarthy et al., 2012). According to Warfield and Manley in 1990, the acknowledging patient's beliefs and values and understanding oneself enables the nurse to deliver care in different cultural environments without bringing negative impacts to patients care (McCarthy et al., 2012). The care of environment involves the context in which the care in delivered. This includes staff relationship, systems that support shared decision making, risk taking, and ability to innovate and power sharing (Page and Hamer, 2012). According to various studies done by McCormack et al in 2002 and Rycroft Malone et al in the same year, there are various key characteristics of the context that enhances personal centered framework (Page and Hamer, 2012). This includes culture in the workplace, the organization commitments in using various evidence sources of quality of care to improve care delivery and the leadership quality delivered by nurses. In that case, the care environment normally can limit or facilitate the functionality of the person-centered process (Page and Hamer, 2012) The person process involves delivering of care using a range of activities that include working with individuals beliefs and values, being sympathetic, engaging each other, providing physical needs and making decisions that provide what is best for the patient (Disch, 2012). Understanding patients beliefs and values enable the nurse to know how various clients values their health and what they think is best for them (Reid, 2013). This is much related to shared decision making where a nurse provides the patient with health education and information and help him to make a decision by himself choosing what in the best from the available solutions (Disch, 2012). The nurse-patient relationship dictates the quality of engagement. Full engagement is described when the patient and nurse are able to work together and are fully connected whereas partial engagement is described when nurse and patient are unable to work together or cannot fully understand each other. A competent and skilled nurs e should be able to engage fully by adopting different patients situations (Reid, 2013). The outcomes are the end results expected when an effective personal centered nursing is experienced which include care satisfaction, the creation of a good therapeutic environment, good collaboration among staffs, feeling of wellbeing, a well-transforming leadership and innovation is highly supported (Reid, 2013). Patient satisfaction normally indicates a quality of care where patient are evaluated if they have demonstrated a good experience in care delivery (Reid, 2013). Application of Person-centered framework in infection control and hand hygiene compliance Infection control and prevention in both hospital and community setting is maximally about the individuals (Webster and Dewing, 2013). This means that, for a maximum prevention of infection, nurses has to focus on their care into patient-centered care so as to have high outcomes in health services (Basch, 2016). Empowering the patients to be in the centered for infection control in the process of care is not just giving treatment and explaining the risks the can have but it involves considering all individuals needs in all levels of care (Stephens, 2015). This start by designing the healthcare facility in such a way it provides maximum patient comfort and that avoid or protect the patients from various processes that promote infections (Lander, 2017). For example, designing a facility with adequate bed space to patient overcrowding that promotes infections transmission (Stephens, 2015). In addition, the patient should be provided with enough patient education and self-management skil ls so that they can be able to prevent infections by taking care of themselves (Nursing Knowledge Development and Clinical Practice, 2013). For nurses to support an effective approach for a god infection control in hospital and support patients activities that minimize cross infection various aspects need to be considered (Nursing Knowledge Development and Clinical Practice, 2013). First, the health care team needs to take into consideration of the patients when developing hospital facilities, policies, and programs (Lander, 2017). In admission to hospital, the nurse should familiarize the patients with infection control strategies and skills required in order to facilitate both health care environment and patient protection (Makous, 2012). The other thing nurses need to do is that when doing any procedure, they should be able to discuss any risk associated with the management (Landers, 2017). This can be done by encouraging the patient to disclose if they have any potential risk associated with the treatment of allergies to medication, explaining various infectious risks associated with the surgical operation and prolon ged hospitalization (Stephens, 2015). In addition to that, providing opportunities for patients to identify and communicate about any risks the think for infection and using that information in providing feedback procedures like providing educational resources about infection prevention and control and informing the patients about hospital protocols concerning self-protection (Landers, 2017). Hand hygiene has been recognized to be one of the most effective means that is currently used a common time to time method of preventing transmission of infections (Disch, 2012). Due to that reason, much emphasis has been placed on how to improve compliance especially by health care workers (Hart, Ford, and Shepherd, 2017). Evidence has shown that the patients flora and the hospital environment are the basic sources of many nosocomial infections (Lander, 2017). This insinuates that much effort has to be put to work toward making sure patient have enough hand hygiene (Disch, 2012). According to World Health Organization (WHO) in 2009, the prevalence of omission of hand hygiene has always been high and is still very high. This is due to the fact that, most hospitals do not include patients in a more directly personal centered initiative (Landers, 2017). This involves including the patients in a hand hygiene initiative and provides policies and recommendation that promote hand hygiene p rotocols in hospitals (Hart, Ford, and Shepherd, 2017) The hospital should provide guidelines placed in all hospital wards as a demonstration of good hand hygiene procedures (Stephens, 2015). The patient should be taught the benefits of washing hands frequently and the hospital environment should be made in a way there are available resources that support the implementation of hand hygiene in practical areas (Hart, Ford, and Shepherd, 2017). Research has shown that, when nurses wash frequently their hands in front of the patient, inform the patients they want to wash hand or they have washed hands before and after the procedure promotes and enhances patients urge of washing hands too (Hart, Ford, and Shepherd, 2017). The patient should not just be provided with guidelines, information, and resources needed for hand hygiene but the nurses should involve them in the process of washing hands steps by steps (Landers, 2017). How person-centered framework relates with Practice Development principle According to McCormack in 2002, practice development is a process that tends to be continuous in improvements towards maximizing the patient-centered care (Harrison and Frampton, 2016). This is major put into practice by helping the healthcare workers to develop their skills and knowledge so as to transform the culture and context of care (Makous, 2012). This means that there is a great relationship between the enablement of performances, systems facilitation plus overall change in care. One principle of practice development suggests that, practice development is a complex methodology that should be used across all healthcare workers and involves both external and internal members (Makous, 2012). This means that for a good quality healthcare to occur, various members should be involved including the patient, family members, community and the healthcare team. Personal centered care suggests that patient is an important pillar care and should be included in decision-making process so as to make a collective solution (Harrison and Frampton, 2016). This can only be achieved if health care workers adopt and develop a quality personal centered framework (Stephens, 2015). The practice development principles argue that developing new methodologies that are complex involves not only a single intervention but a number of intervention from different of professional principles that involves developing, learning and transforming their practice in a way that can be sustained and e ffective (Harrison and Frampton, 2016). The practice development recommends the use of methodologies and activities that would bring a change by ensuring there are high levels of engagement thus improving the culture and context of practice (Adams, 2015). This is one of the major characteristics that is crucial in personal centered framework. For nurses and patients to work in way that would bring better outcomes, engagement is crucial (Harrison and Frampton, 2016). Nurses use interpersonal skills in various contexts to make sure there are high levels of understanding between patients and nurses thus improving the therapeutic relationships (Adams, 2015). According to a study by McCormack in 2007, there are various methods that can be used in practice development suggest for high levels of engagement and patient interaction to occur. This includes ethical processes agreement, making and identifying the roles of a nurse and patient, having a continuous and reflective learning and being person-centered (Adams, 2015). Similar to the personally centered framework, practice development advocates that nurses and other healthcare workers require developing, learn and have enough knowledge and skills so as to become self-sufficient professionals (Journal of Client-centered Nursing Care CrossMark Policy, 2016). This can be achieved by use of various methods which include clarifying values and workplace cultures, developing a shared vision, critical intent and participatory engagement, having god communication strategies, giving space for new ideas, developing self-concept skills, implementing various activities involve in health care and evaluating the consistent of outcomes (Journal of Client-centered Nursing Care CrossMark Policy, 2016). These methods help a nurse to integrate the self-sustaining skills of learning in practice, evades development and usage and in a content evaluation of practice change. This, in turn, promotes innovation which is crucial in bringing changes in healthcare (Park et al., 2014). There are a various set of skills required in practice development so as to make a nurse to adopt smoothly person-centered framework (Adams, 2015). These can also be regarded as professional competencies. This includes developing effective knowledge and skills, establishing and developing effective cultures that involve a leadership that is transformational, adopting skills that involve reflective practices, using ad developing policies, evaluating self and other working team members and helping the various individuals achieve the above skills (Adams, 2015). The major focus and intention of enabling the nurses to develop skills need to be used in practice development methods in the day to day practice or in a clinical context is facilitation (Disch, 2012). According to Kitchen in 2000, skilled facilitation has been stated as one of the most effective ways of enabling learning in practice and evidence use thus facilitating person-centered nursing (Disch, 2012). In addition to that, the effectiveness and effective care environment and culture are archived if the health care team works together (Ward, 2012). The use of CIP (Collaborative, Inclusive, and Participatory) principle in person-centered framework The CIP principle suggests that, for proper person-centered nursing, various aspects of care need to be addressed (Ward, 2012). One is the collaboration of all stakeholders that are involved in health care or in providing a solution for patient betterment (Adams, 2015). There are two major types of collaboration which include patient to nurse collaboration and interprofessional collaboration (McCarthy et al., 2012). Nurses must work together with other nurses and medical health workers so as to provide better solutions for healthcare (Park et al., 2014). This includes sharing knowledge and skills, experiences, resources and ideas in formulating and developing plans intended to improve patients wellbeing. Healthcare workers have also to collaborate with the patient, family, and community when making health decisions (Disch, 2012). The personally centered framework is all about the patient and family involvement in patient care. This means that the client has the authority to participate in decision-making process (Park et al., 2014). Empowering the family and patient in a participatory skill like patients education, encouraging the patient to come up with ideas, and implementing patients ideas and decisions have proved to provide a high quality of care (Park et al., 2014). Patients should also be allowed to take part in policy making and implementation. Areas, where individuals who are allowed to take part in policies making have demonstrated to have high levels of satisfaction thus better outcomes, are experienced (Park et al., 2014). Person-centered nursing is an inclusive framework that involves various components. These include health care systems and the care environments, healthcare workers and the patients (McCarthy et al., 2012). The health care system and the context in which the care is delivered should support patient involvement and participation. The health care workers should have enough knowledge and skills which promote the care delivery which is client centered (McCarthy et al., 2012). This should not only include treatment and give information to patients but also involve the patients in all levels of delivery. Patients should understand that, it is their duty to be involved in sharing decision which concerns their health care. Conclusion A personally centered framework is one of the most convenient approaches to providing care in hospital and outside community settings. This involves how nurses and other healthcare professionals consider patients as equal partners in developing, planning and monitoring care of the patient. Other than that, personal centered care normally improves the experiences different individuals have in health care, leads to more healthy lifestyles, improves nurse and patients decision-making skills, lead to better health outcomes and improves professionalism and service of care. There are four major components of personal centered care which include prerequisites that consist the nurses attributes, the care environment which deals with the context in which delivery of care occurs, a personal centered process which involves delivering of care using a range of activities and the expected outcomes which are the results of personal centered care. Practice development has been defined as processes t hat continuously work to improves and maximize the patient-centered care. Therefore, there is a great relationship between, enablement of performances, systems facilitation and the overall change in care. Personal centered care can be applied in the prevention of infection, in that nurses has to empower the patients to be in the centered for infection control in the process of care which is not just giving treatment and explaining the risks the can have but it involving all individuals needs in all levels of care. Hand hygiene compliance is one of the best infection control practice that should be highly centered towards patients. This can be done by including the patients in a hand hygiene initiative and provides policies and recommendation that promote hand hygiene protocols in all health care settings. Nurses and other health care workers should provide guidelines and the placed in all hospital which demonstrates good hand hygiene procedures as a method of hand hygiene promotion. Similar to the personal centered framework, practice development principles indicates that nurses and other healthcare workers require to develop, learn and have enough knowledge and skills so as to become self-sufficient professionals. The CIP principle recommends that, for a good patient-centered care, health care should be inclusive, patients should be allowed in decision making and all health care providers should collaborate with the patient to provide better solutions for care. References Adams, J. (2015). Theories Guiding Nursing Research and Practice Making Nursing Knowledge Development Explicit,Cancer Nursing Practice, 14(2), pp.11-11. Basch, E. (2016). Toward a Patient-Centered Value Framework in Oncology.JAMA, 315(19), p.2073. Disch, J. (2012). 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